Phase inversion emulsification of different vegetable oils using surfactant mixture of cremophor EL and lipase-synthesized glucose monooleate
A sugar-fatty acid ester, named glucose monooleate (GluO) was synthesized using commercial immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica. A preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion using a combination of non-ionic surfactant mixture, i.e., GluO and Cremophor EL (CrEL), and different vegetable oils,...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Elsevier
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/27193/ |
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| Institution: | Universiti Malaya |
| Summary: | A sugar-fatty acid ester, named glucose monooleate (GluO) was synthesized using commercial immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica. A preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion using a combination of non-ionic surfactant mixture, i.e., GluO and Cremophor EL (CrEL), and different vegetable oils, i.e., coconut, sunflower, olive, palm and jojoba oils through phase inversion emulsification (PIE) was investigated. A baseline formulation was carried out to obtain an optimal ratio of surfactant-to-oil (S:O) and Cremophor EL-to-Glucose monooleate (CrEL:GluO) with coconut oil as the carrier oil. GluO proves to be an effective co-surfactant when a high amount of oil was incorporated. At 60:40 of S:O and CrEL:GluO, coconut and sunflower oil were emulsified into nanosized oil droplets with the sizes (in diameter) of 36 +/- 1.5 nm (PDI = 0.17 +/- 0.05) and 42 +/- 1.3 nm (PDI = 0.18 +/- 0.07), respectively. In contrast, olive, palm and jojoba oils produced coarse emulsions with larger oil particles with the sizes of 238 +/- 22, 295 +/- 41 and 312 +/- 63 nm, respectively. Furthermore, at 60:40 of S:O and CrEL:GluO, up to 0.98 mg of p-carotene (approximate to 0.03% of total emulsion weight) can be encapsulated within coconut oil droplets of the 0/W system with an average size below 100 nm. The emulsification process was investigated through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, small-wide angle X-ray (SWAX) and optical polarizing microscopy (OPM) analyses. Possible effects of the surfactant mixture (CrEL-GluO) and different vegetable oils on the emulsion preparation were also discussed. |
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