Agricultural waste to fuel using microwave pyrolysis
:;A gricultural wastes such as palm kernel (PK) shell, wood chip (WC) and sago waste (SW) have a potential as alternative energy resources. These wastes produce abundant volatile matter which can be converted to fuel through suitable treatment such as microwave pyrolysis. A domestic microwave ove...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14220/1/Sharifah%20Mona.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14220/ |
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| Institution: | Universiti Malaysia Sarawak |
| Language: | English |
| Summary: | :;A gricultural wastes such as palm kernel (PK) shell, wood chip (WC) and sago waste
(SW) have a potential as alternative energy resources. These wastes produce abundant
volatile matter which can be converted to fuel through suitable treatment such as
microwave pyrolysis. A domestic microwave oven of 1000 W and 2450 MHz
frequency was modified to pyrolyzed PK, WC and SW at laboratory scale. PK, WC
and SW showed a maximum pyrolysis temperature at 289 °C, 280 °C (both after 5
min) and 390 °C (after 4 min) respectivel .
Finding shows that the yield of bio-oils
was ranged from 9-15 wt%, 6-14 wt% and 3-16 wt% for PK, WC and SW
respectively. As for bio-char, the yield obtained was at 41-68 wt% (PK), 43-57 wt%
(WC) and 14-53 wt% (SW). The highest calorific value recorded for bio-oils are
27.19,25.99 and 21.99 MJ/kg for PK bio-oil (PKO), WC bio-oil (WCO) and SW biooil
(SWO) respectively. The GC-MS results indicated that PKO, WCO and SWO
were dominated by mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbon compound. A great range of
functional groups of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids were indicated
in IR spectrum. The bio-char obtained from PK, WC and SW has relatively high
calorific value of 29.04,24.89 and 25.99 MJ/kg respectively which is in the range
with lignite and sub-bituminous coal (24-30 MJ/kg). Esterification of PKO with
ethanol in the presence of sulphuric acid (as catalyst) has enhanced the quality of the
bio-oil. The process has successfully improved the odour of the bio-oil to a
presentable smell. The pH value increased from 3.37 to 5.09-5.12 and the calorific
value increased from 27.19 to 34.78-41.52 MJ/kg. |
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