Hygiene hypothesis
In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergies by properly tuning the immune system. In particular, a lack of such exposure is thought to lead to poor immune tolerance. The time period for exposure begins before birth and ends at school age.While early versions of the hypothesis referred to microorganism exposure in general, later versions apply to a specific set of microbes that have co-evolved with humans. The updates have been given various names, including the microbiome depletion hypothesis, the microflora hypothesis, and the "old friends" hypothesis. There is a significant amount of evidence supporting the idea that lack of exposure to these microbes is linked to allergies or other conditions, although it is still rejected by many scientists.
The term "hygiene hypothesis" has been described as a misnomer because people incorrectly interpret it as referring to their own cleanliness. Having worse personal hygiene, such as not washing hands before eating, only increases the risk of infection without affecting the risk of allergies or immune disorders. Hygiene is essential for protecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly from infections, preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance, and combating emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola or COVID-19. The hygiene hypothesis does not suggest that having more infections during childhood would be an overall benefit. Provided by Wikipedia
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by Rachel M. Freathy, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Ulla Sovio, Inga Prokopenko, Nicholas J. Timpson, Diane J. Berry, Nicole M. Warrington, Elisabeth Widen, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Marika Kaakinen, Leslie A. Lange, Jonathan P. Bradfield, Marjan Kerkhof, Julie A. Marsh, Reedik Mägi, Chih Mei Chen, Helen N. Lyon, Mirna Kirin, Linda S. Adair, Yurii S. Aulchenko, Amanda J. Bennett, Judith B. Borja, Nabila Bouatia-Naji, Pimphen Charoen, Lachlan J.M. Coin, Diana L. Cousminer, Eco J.C. De Geus, Panos Deloukas, Paul Elliott, David M. Evans, Philippe Froguel, Beate Glaser, Christopher J. Groves, Anna Liisa Hartikainen, Neelam Hassanali, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Albert Hofman, Jeff M.P. Holly, Elina Hyppönen, Stavroula Kanoni, Bridget A. Knight, Jaana Laitinen, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Wendy L. McArdle, Paul F. O'Reilly, Craig E. Pennell, Dirkje S. Postma, Anneli Pouta, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Nigel W. Rayner, Susan M. Ring, Fernando Rivadeneira, Beverley M. Shields, David P. Strachan, Ida Surakka, Anja Taanila, Carla Tiesler, Andre G. Uitterlinden, Cornelia M. Van Duijn, Alet H. Wijga, Gonneke Willemsen, Haitao Zhang, Jianhua Zhao, James F. Wilson, Eric A.P. Steegers, Andrew T. Hattersley, Johan G. Eriksson, Leena Peltonen, Karen L. Mohlke, Struan F.A. Grant, Hakon Hakonarson
Published 2018
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by Matthew Moll, Phuwanat Sakornsakolpat, Nick Shrine, Brian D. Hobbs, Dawn L. DeMeo, Catherine John, Anna L. Guyatt, Michael J. McGeachie, Sina A. Gharib, Ma'en Obeidat, Lies Lahousse, Sara R.A. Wijnant, Guy Brusselle, Deborah A. Meyers, Eugene R. Bleecker, Xingnan Li, Ruth Tal-Singer, Ani Manichaikul, Stephen S. Rich, Sungho Won, Woo Jin Kim, Ah Ra Do, George R. Washko, R. Graham Barr, Bruce M. Psaty, Traci M. Bartz, Nadia N. Hansel, Kathleen Barnes, John E. Hokanson, James D. Crapo, David Lynch, Per Bakke, Amund Gulsvik, Ian P. Hall, Louise Wain, María Soler Artigas, Victoria E. Jackson, David P. Strachan, Jennie Hui, Alan L. James, Shona M. Kerr, Ozren Polasek, Veronique Vitart, Jonathan Marten, Igor Rudan, Mika Kähönen, Ida Surakka, Christian Gieger, Stefan Karrasch, Rajesh Rawal, Holger Schulz, Ian J. Deary, Sarah E. Harris, Stefan Enroth, Ulf Gyllensten, Medea Imboden, Nicole M. Probst-Hensch, Terho Lehtimäki, Olli T. Raitakari, Claudia Langenberg, Jian'an Luan, Nick Wareham, Jing Hua Zhao, Caroline Hayward, Alison Murray, David J. Porteous, Blair H. Smith, Marjo Riitta Jarvelin, Matthias Wielscher, Peter K. Joshi, Katherine A. Kentistou, Paul RHJ Timmers, James F. Wilson, James P. Cook, Lars Lind, Anubha Mahajan, Andrew P. Morris, Ralf Ewert, Georg Homuth, Beate Stubbe, Stefan Weiss, Eleftheria Zeggini, Scott T. Weiss, Edwin K. Silverman, Frank Dudbridge, Martin D. Tobin, Michael H. Cho
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by Phuwanat Sakornsakolpat, Dmitry Prokopenko, Maxime Lamontagne, Nicola F. Reeve, Anna L. Guyatt, Victoria E. Jackson, Nick Shrine, Dandi Qiao, Traci M. Bartz, Deog Kyeom Kim, Mi Kyeong Lee, Jeanne C. Latourelle, Xingnan Li, Jarrett D. Morrow, Ma’en Obeidat, Annah B. Wyss, Per Bakke, R. Graham Barr, Terri H. Beaty, Steven A. Belinsky, Guy G. Brusselle, James D. Crapo, Kim de Jong, Dawn L. DeMeo, Tasha E. Fingerlin, Sina A. Gharib, Amund Gulsvik, Ian P. Hall, John E. Hokanson, Woo Jin Kim, David A. Lomas, Stephanie J. London, Deborah A. Meyers, George T. O’Connor, Stephen I. Rennard, David A. Schwartz, Pawel Sliwinski, David Sparrow, David P. Strachan, Ruth Tal-Singer, Yohannes Tesfaigzi, Jørgen Vestbo, Judith M. Vonk, Jae Joon Yim, Xiaobo Zhou, Yohan Bossé, Ani Manichaikul, Lies Lahousse, Edwin K. Silverman, H. Marike Boezen, Louise V. Wain, Martin D. Tobin, Brian D. Hobbs, Michael H. Cho, Chiara Batini, Jing Hua Zhao, Matthias Wielscher, Stefan Weiss, Katherine A. Kentistou, James P. Cook, Jennie Hui, Stefan Karrasch, Medea Imboden, Sarah E. Harris, Jonathan Marten, Stefan Enroth, Shona M. Kerr, Ida Surakka, Veronique Vitart, Terho Lehtimäki, Ralf Ewert, Christian Gieger, Georg Homuth, Peter K. Joshi, Claudia Langenberg, Lars Lind, Jian’an Luan, Anubha Mahajan, Alison Murray, David J. Porteous, Rajesh Rawal, Blair H. Smith, Paul R.H.J. Timmers, Olli T. Raitakari, Mika Kähönen, Ozren Polasek, Ulf Gyllensten, Igor Rudan, Ian J. Deary, Nicole M. Probst-Hensch, Holger Schulz, Alan L. James, James F. Wilson, Beate Stubbe, Eleftheria Zeggini, Marjo Riitta Jarvelin, Nick Wareham, Caroline Hayward, Andrew P. Morris, Alvar Agusti
Published 2020
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