#TITLE_ALTERNATIVE#

• Main Author: YUSRI PARIKESIT (NIM 20506010); Pembimbing : Achmad Saifuddin Noer, Ph.D., NENENG
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/13050
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

For 55 million year there had been around 500 elephant species, but now there are only two living species in the world, namely the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Furthermore, there are only four subspecies of the Asian elephant exist, one of them is the Sumatran elephant which is included in the list of animal conservation in Indonesian. This animal almost extinct because their population decrease from year to year due to habitats damaged and wild hunt. Until recently, there is no information about mitochondrial DNA nucleotide sequence of this animal. Unique system of genetic motochondrial DNA making differ from nucleus DNA there is specific inheriting pattern, namely only alighted from mother (matternally inherited). mtDNA is a powerful tool for tracking ancestry through females., and mtDNA also posses a noncoding region namely D-loop. This region shows the highest of level polymorfism. The aims of this research is to obtain nucleotide sequence of the Sumatran elephant mitochondrial DNA and to investigate its relation with other species which are the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), and the Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) as well as with other subspecies which is the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus).<p>The research methods consist of five level start from sample collecting, mtDNA amplification, electrophoresis, sequensing determination and sequensing result analysis. Sample that used in this research is Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatrensis) which represent Asian elephant subspesies, that can take in Bandung Zoo. Intake of hair sampel the three elephant assisted by officer of Bandung Zoo. MtDNA amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction technique used couple of primer P22F/P22R that designed based on sequence of D-loop Elephas maximus indicus use Genmon and Primer selectTM program. Electrophoresis conducted at agarosa gel. As marker use plasmid pUC19/HinfI. For determination nucleotida sample sequence of PCR result conducted with using Dideoxy Sanger method. Analysis of sequencing result conducted with comparing nucleotida sequence of sample to nucleotida sequence of Mammoth, African elephant and Indian elephant which is each got from GenBank. Comparing process use SeqmanTM program and to compile phylogenetic tree use MegalignTM program version 4.0.0 from DNAstar.<p>Hair sample was lysis and made template for PCR showed amplification result in the form band of DNA fragmen 0.4 kb constructively electrophoresis of agarosa gel. The Fragment Sekuensing yield 419 bp, 415 bp, and 412 pb for GL-1, AG-1, and IG-1 respectively. Homology analysis of nucleotide sequence Sumatran elephant compared to Indian elephant showed three mutation that is, A15718C, T15820C, and deletion of C base on position 15737. If compared to African elephant showed six mutation that is, C15716T, A15734C, T15818C, T15862A, C16029T and deletion of T base on position 15735. If compared to Mammoth showed five mutation that is, A15739C, T15823C, C15898T, C16034T, and deletion of T base on position 15740. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Sumatran elephant nearest relation with Indian elephant. Whereas Mammoth and African elephant reside in other on course.<p>Fragment band of DNA have measurement 0,4 kb as according to fragment which is simulation by P22F and P22R Primer. Result of sequensing each sample of GL-1, AG-1, and IG-1 showed that band which is sequens is true represent area of elephant D-loop. Sequence analysis of nukleotida Sumatran elephant that showing mutation to Indian elephant, African elephant, and Mammoth confirms that by genetika molecule represent Sumatran elephant is separate subspesies. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicates that nearer relation between Sumatran elephant and Indian elephant because of Sumatran elephant and Indian elephant represent one is same species namely Asian elephant species. Mammoth more closely related to the Asian elephant than to the African elephant, its estimated that Mammoth represent ancestors of Asian elephant is supported by previous research which express that mammoth represent species sister with Asian elephant. Beside that African elephant is far relation with both of Asian elephant and Mammoth because according to previous research suggests that M.primigenius and E. maximus diverged soon after their common ancestor split from the L. africana lineage. Method at this research which use sample of hair follicles of elephant have succeeded to conducted, that way can be used for the futher research with the same method. Nucleotide sequence of D-loop region which have been got can become database for futher interest.