#TITLE_ALTERNATIVE#

• Main Author: AUGUSTINE ADIBROTO (NIM 32293022); Pembimbing: Budhy Tjahjati Soegijoko, Prof. Dr.Ir., MCP., TUSY
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/14532
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Starting from the issues of integrated coastal management as well as the sustainable development which coincided with the issuance of a new sector in the National Guidelines of 1993 which is the Maritime Sector, the writer is encouraged to make a serious study related to the issues. The Maritime Sector is using new development approach which in the past the terrestrial resources were too much relied on.<p>The early assessment of the problems occurring in coastal areas, both globally as well as in Indonesia, says that a lot of coastal degradation happened. To name a few, which can be seen from the physical destruction of coastal ecosystem habitat, pollution, over-exploitation of marine resources, and conflict of spatial utilization. Actually the coastal area is a dynamic ecosystem, which consists of land and sea components, has the most variety of habitat, and ecologically becomes the most productive area. functioning as a degrading process to the pollutant coming from the land as well as from the sea, and protecting the land from nature destruction and erosion process.<p>Indonesia - as a maritime continent - has a coastal length of 81.000 km, the second longest coast after Canada. The coastal area has a strategic position, since it has the access for activities among islands and regions. The coastal areas become the most dense areas where around 65% of the total population of the world live. Two third of the cities in the world are inhabited by more than 2.5 million people and 60% of the Indonesian people live in the coastal areas. Therefore, the coastal area is an important part of the region which has a strategic role from ecological as well as from the economic point of view and the existence should be taken care of and protected for the sake of sustainability.<p>One of the important aspects being recommended is to integrate coastal management with wider areas that hypothetically has significant impact to the coastal areas such as the rivers flowing to the coastal zone (watershed area). In addition, to cope with the coastal degradation, it is significant that the management of the watershed, especially in the upper-land should be seriously implemented. From the above studies it is believed that coastal planning is one of the important aspects to attempt sustainable ecoregion management.<p>However, from several regional planning results, it is found that the approach of integrating the watershed with ecological planning not so much noticed. Most of the regional planning is focusing more on the land context. Land edge is not so important, but actually the coastal zone has important economic as well as ecological function.<p>From the identified problems such as : a) the regional planning approach, which nowadays pays more attention to economic growth rather than to ecological aspects, and b) the coastal area management, which currently directs more to controlling the development activities in coastal areas without referring to upstream activities ; and also since there is a new development paradigm which shifts to coastal and marine areas in a sustainable development context, the writer is trying to do some assessments and to integrate all aspects to implement a new regional planning approach. called the ecoregional or bioregional planning. This is carried out through an up and downstream ecological related approach in which the watershed area, including coastal area, is an important factor that should be considered.<p>This study has the following objectives a) identifying the factors and elements which affect the watershed ecoregional planning (which pays attention to the ecological interrelationship between upstream and downstream of the watershed areas as well as to the specific characteristics of the coastal area) and b) Formulizing the concept of integrated watershed ecoregional planning. In accordance with the complex environmental research, the writer is implementing a research method, using the system dynamic modeling. The model being used started from 1995 as a basic year - status quo condition - and later was simulated to see the model behavior for the next 30 years (1995-2025). Then interactions are being observed among : a) components of Development Activities through three prominent parameters (settlement, agriculture, and industry), and b) components of Natural Ecosystems through spatial components such as the upstream and downstream regions ; and c) the impact of the interactions which is represented by four parameters such as the pollution parameters of BOD, COD, cyanide as well as the sedimentation parameter of TSS (total suspended solid).<p>Simulations are carried out using development policy interventions through six scenarios toward : 1) status quo condition, 2) the increase of agricultural activities, 3) the increase of industrial activities, 4) reforestation using sectoral development approach, 5) the development using the multisectors approach, neglecting the natural land requirement as a protecting zone and 6) the development using multisectors approach which meet the minimum requirement of maintaining at least 30 % natural land as a protecting zone.<p>The above scenarios are simulated to get the affecting factors and elements which have to be considered for watershed ecoregional planning. The result of simulation and analysis for the first research objectives has identified several factors and elements that affect the ecoregional planning for watershed. It is also proved that the environmental quality change in the upstream will affect the changes of the environmental quality in the downstream. This means that there is an ecological interrelationship between the upstream and downstream in which the pattern depends on the local specific biogeophysical condition as well as the population rate.<p>Moreover, it is found that the influencing factors to be considered can be classified into the following five categories : 1) The Economic Factors, which include the type and intensity of land utilization, 2) The Ecological Factors, which cover the capability of the river basin in liquefying the waste as well as the capability of coastal ecosystem in reducing the pollutant concentration which comes from upstream or downstream, 3) The Integrated Approach Factor, 4) Factor for the requirement for the need of minimum condition of 30°l0 of natural land as a protecting zone is met, and 5) The Income Factor. For the second research objective it is found that to reach the concept of Sustainable Ecoregional Planning, there are four components that have to be integrated 1) The Planning area should be natural domain, 2) The Coastal Zone as a planning basis for the upstream area, 3) The Execution of integrated approaches for sustainable development, and 4) The Land allocation of a minimum of 30% of the planning area should be a protecting zone.<p>The contribution of this study which is for the sake of scientific development - especially on the regional planning - is trying to develop new paradigm of internalizing the ecological aspect in making a sustainable regional planning. This study is also expected to contribute in the decision making process, especially in the field of regional planning. <br />