THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYETHERSULFONE DERIVATIVES IN LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

• Main Author: HANDAYANI ( NIM : 305 08 301); Ketua tim Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. Buchari Anggota tim pembimb, NURRAHMI
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/16751
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

The enhancement of public demand for fuels-based petroleum cause the source of energy become lower and it has led the crisis of energy in the world. One of the alternative energy sources that can be developed in Indonesia is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel with renewable properties derived from vegetable oils and it can be cultivated in Indonesia and the other countries. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Biodiesel has many benefits, such as biodegradable properties, non toxic, and free of sulfur and aromatics. All of those characteristics make biodiesel is safe for use. In addition, the high value of a biodiesel flash point makes it safe in terms of packaging and storage. Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> triglycerides with an alcohol. Enzymes have an important role as catalysts in the various transesterification <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> reactions in both laboratory and industrial scale because the side products obtained are lower, it does not require much energy, and biodegradable properties. However, the use of enzymes having such limitations, such as cannot be reused, high operational costs, instability against high temperatures, organic solvents, acids, bases, or mechanical shaking. However, the limitation which comes from ezymes <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> can be overcome by immobilization of enzymes on the suitable solid support. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Therefore, a series of studies that are useful to find a suitable solid support to mediate the enzyme then it can work in high performance is required. The use of polyethersulfone (PES) in this study is based on its properties, such as having a high temperature, mechanical, and electrical stability. However, a common problem in <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the reaction catalyzed by immobilized enzyme is the release of enzymes from its support due to washing or repeated use (leaching out). To increase the reusability of the immobilized enzyme, the interaction between the enzyme with its support needs to be improved through the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions or covalent bonds without lowering the activity of the enzyme. To improve the strength of the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> interaction, the modification of PES is performed in order to generate the functional groups that can enhance the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions between the lipase <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> with PES. Based on the modification of functional groups, the researchers can design a covalent bond formation through the addition of cross-linker without disturbing the active enzyme that can result in a decrease of enzyme activity. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Modifications of functional groups were done through the amination and chlorosulfonation reaction. Thus, the purpose of this study is to perform the synthesis and characterization of polyethersulfone and its derivatives, immobilize the lipase onto polyethersulfone and its derivatives, and identify their feasibility as the catalysts for transesterification reaction of oil to produce biodiesel. The novelty and originality aspects of this study are found in the methods of synthesis of PES by <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> reflux and Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) as well as utilizing the modified PES as solid support in the immobilization of enzymes for membrane bioreactors application in the synthesis of biodiesel. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Based on the structural analysis and a series of both quantitative and qualitative tests, PES can be generated by two different methods, reflux and microwave methods. The use of microwave in PES synthesis is a novelty in this research, but it still requires the optimization to obtain PES with high molecular mass as PES that has been synthesized by reflux method. The average molecular mass of synthesized PES by reflux method is 16.259 Da. Meanwhile, the molecular mass of PES that has been synthesized by microwave method is 1.889 Da. Based on the analysis by <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF), the molecular weight of each repeating unit of the synthesized PES is 324 Da (m/z). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The enzyme used in this study is Mucor miehei lipase, because it is known to have a good activity in catalyzing the reaction of synthesis biodiesel using the primary <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> alcohols. In addition, a local isolate lipase immobilization was used in this study, namely Staphylococcus WL1 lipase. The use of local isolate lipase in this study is aimed to know the potential of this enzyme to be immobilized and applied as a bioreactor then it can increase the economic value of lipase that comes from <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Indonesian natural resources. Interaction that occurred between aminated polyethersulfone (PES-NH2) and enzymes is a physical interaction due to the lack of a distinctive peak corresponding to the-C-N and N-H amide functional groups in its IR spectrum. However, enzyme activity does not decrease significantly due to immobilization, even has a pretty good reusability with percent recovery value of 97.16% after four times of usage. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The effect of adding the cross-linker in the immobilization process can be identified through the enzyme loading values. The values of the immobilized lipase enzyme <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> loading without the addition of glutaraldehyde is smaller than the immobilized lipase with the addition of glutaraldehyde, i.e. 177.05 and 512.33 for immobilized <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Mucor miehei lipase and Staphylococcus WL1 without glutaraldehyde addition, respectively, and 911.48 and 1167.50 for immobilized Mucor miehei lipase and Staphylococcus WL1 with glutaraldehyde addition, respectively. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The research is expected can give a positive contribution to the scientific development of enzyme immobilization, especially the research on alternative materials development that can be applied as a solid support in the immobilization of enzymes based on the organic material synthesis. Thus, the immobilized enzyme can be utilized for the various applications.