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• Main Author: SUTOPO (NIM: 33407001) ; Pembimbing Prof. Dr. Ir. Senator Nur Bahagia, WAHYUDI
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/19640
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Staple food which is produced from agro-industry, for example sugar has a salient <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> supply disparity during the harvest season and planting season. This situation <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> causes scarcity and price fluctuation. Moreover, it will bring disadvantages to the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> stakeholders such as producer, wholesaler, and consumer. A case study about the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> sugar distribution in Indonesia has found three main reasons which cause those <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> problems. First, the domestic supply does not increase significantly whereas the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> demand raises continously. Second, there is a significant disparsity of supply <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> between the harvest season and planting season. Third, the price of commodity in <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a global market is lower than domestic market, so it is possible to harm the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> producer selling price. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> If the disparity of supply and price fluctuation can not be alleviated, it may initiate <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a complex food problem and trigger social and political crisis. On the other hand, <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> government has obligation to protect the producer from selling price distortion <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> and to realize the food sustainability for consumer with a reasonable price. This <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> phenomenon could be solved through implementation of market intervention <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> policy. A buffer stocks scheme could be used as an instrument to control the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> supply to the markets so that the price will be stabilized and the consumption can <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> be ensured. This paper will discuss the problem on how to determine buffer stocks <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> scheme as an instrument in market intervention program for government to keep <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the price stabilization and staple food availability. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> There were many models about price stabilization of staple food that had been <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> developed. Based on literature study, there are some conclusions as follow: (i) an <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> optimization method has been applied to determine the buffer stocks level in <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> guaranting the fulfillment of needs consist of quantity and time; (ii) an <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> econometrics method has been implemented to alleviate the price fluctuation by <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> using the quantity and price of buffer stocks; (iii) generally, the intervention <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> programs only consider producer or consumer expectation; (iv) generally, the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> organization of buffer stocks scheme only consists of procurement and storaging <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> programs. In another words, the previous models disregarded the following <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> aspects: (i) policies that consider the expectation of stakeholders; (ii) management <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> of buffer stocks scheme consists of planning, procuring, storaging, and releasing <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> v <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the stocks; and (iii) the intervention system facilitates its stakeholders to act <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> proactively as market players. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The objectives of this research are to develop the policy options of cheap, <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> efficient, and fair buffer stocks distribution channel to the entire stakeholders in <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the distribution system and to develop mathematical model as a tool to formulate <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the market intervention policy by using buffer stocks scheme. This research <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> produced options of distribution channel policy and mathematical model of buffer <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> stocks scheme as a reference to set up market intervention program. The <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> intervention programs consist of direct market intervention (DMI) through market <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> operation and indirect market invervention (IMI) through warehouse receipt <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> system. There are three policies of distribution channel: monopoly, controlled, and <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> free market. The model consists of three models in DMI policy (Model I-a, I-b, <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> and I-c) and three models in IMI policy (Model II-a, II-b, and II-c). Model DMI <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> is a NLP problem that could be solved by using sequential linear programming <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> (SLP) algorithm. Model IMI is a MINLP problem with NP-hard category. The <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> solusion of IMI model is obtained by applying enumeration method and SLP <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> algorithm. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Compare to the previous models, the proposed model is valid for general <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> condition of staple food distribution system in terms of: (i) availability of <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> intervention policy, and distribution channels options; (ii) the model output could <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> be used to manage staple food scheme consists of planning, procuring, storaging, <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> and releasing the stocks; and (iii) the IMI facilitates its stakeholders to act <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> proactively as market players. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> To evaluate the model performance, several numerical examples have been <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> performed by utilizing historical data. The numerical and analitycal analyses <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> shows that the model can be used to determine the stocks level, the limit of <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> producer’s selling price, the limit of consumer’s purchasing price, the amount of <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> import, and to solve the buffer stocks problem within planning period with <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> considering the interest of stakeholders. Based on Model DMI, government <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> intervention has significant effect to reduce the risks for both producer and <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> consumer side. The intervention policy can be utilized to improve the profit for <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> both the producer and the consumer. Therefore, the government budget rises when <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> the price function parameter rises as well. The Model IMI shows that the IMI does <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> not need a capital as high as DMI. The main contribution of this research are: (i) <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> to integrate the econometrics and optimization approaches in determining the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> buffer stock scheme, (ii) to develop buffer stock model with considering the <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> market intervention policy, and (iii) to develop market intervention model through <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> a govermental-agent (BLUPP) who acts proactively as market player.