IMPACTS OF SOLAR PV, BATTERY STORAGE AND HVAC SET POINT ADJUSTMENTS ON ENERGY SAVINGS AND PEAK DEMAND REDUCTION POTENTIALS IN BUILDINGS

• Main Author: GALIH PAMUNGKAS - NIM: 23216016 , DANY
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/26382
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

<p align="justify">This paper presents a method to evaluate three alternatives for electrical energy savings (kWh) and peak demand reductions (kW) in buildings, namely the deployment of rooftop solar PV, battery energy storage and HVAC set point adjustments, and discusses their implications. eQUEST – a building energy simulation model – has been used to develop the model of a 8991sqft office/warehouse building located in Alexandria, VA. The simulated hourly electricity consumption of the modeled building has been validated against the metered data. The capacity of solar PV has been determined based on the rooftop area of the building. The capacity of battery energy storage has been determined based on the number of days in a year where the battery capacity is allowed to insufficiently perform the peak shaving function. This paper considers two battery charge/discharge strategies, based on the linear time-of-use (TOU) optimization method and the optimal peak shaving method. The HVAC set point adjustment is conducted by raising the HVAC set point by +1&#7506;F, +2&#7506;F and +3&#7506;F when the building is occupied. TOU electricity tariff of Dominion Energy, an electric utility in Virginia, USA, has been used for this analysis. Research findings indicate that, for this office/warehouse building, while deploying the rooftop solar PV and adjusting HVAC set points provide the reduction in both electrical energy consumption and peak demand, battery storage deployment decreases the building peak demand but resulting in an increase in total kWh consumption. It is interesting to note that average energy savings obtained by increasing the set points is estimated at 1.6% per degree. Due to the reduction in day-time electricity consumption, solar PV provides the largest reduction of electricity bills (47%), followed by battery energy storage (11%), and HVAC set point adjustment (1.4%). The net present value analysis indicates that the breakeven condition of solar PV can be obtained in the year 17th. While the battery energy storage with the optimal charge/discharge strategy does not provide break even at the end of equipment life. On the other hand, HVAC set point adjustment directly provides benefits to building owners because it does not require capital cost. From these three methods, solar PV and HVAC set point adjustment are feasible and recommended for deployment in this building as their deployment costs can be covered by the benefits received during the lifetime of the equipment. Overall, the method presented here can serve as a guideline for building owners to analyze energy savings/peak demand reduction alternatives, of which benefits are varied from buildings to buildings based on building sizes, electricity tariffs, climate zones and building operation. <p align="justify">