Constraints And Opportunities Of Public Private Partnership For The Development Of Ecotourism In Indonesia’s National Park: Case Studies of the Gunung Merbabu National Park and the Aketajawe Lolobata National Park

• Main Author: TRIHATMOKO (NIM: 25416023), JAROT
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Produksi
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/28231
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Although Indonesia’s national parks have several functions including for ecotourism activities, development of ecotourism face problems mainly due to insufficient budget. Public Private Partnership (PPP) concept is expected to overcome this matter, but in practice PPP has not become the main strategy of ecotourism development in Indonesia’s national parks. The general aim of this research is to give the valuable information for improving ecotourism development in Indonesia’s National Park through PPP implementation. The specific objectives are (1) to overview the implementation of PPP project for ecotourism development in Gunung Merbabu National Park (GMbNP), (2) to identify the constraints of PPP implementation in GMbNP, (3) to investigate existing condition of ecotourism development in Aketajawe Lolobata National Park (ALNP), (4) to analyze the opportunities of PPP implementation for ecotourism development in ALNP. The PPP project in the in the Central Java Province will be overviewed, and some constraints of implementing PPP will be identified. Furthermore, the existing condition of ecotourism in the ALNP, the North Maluku Province which some of the area is categorized as an underdeveloped region and has not implemented a PPP project, will be investigated and analyzed for the opportunities to implement a PPP project. This study uses a qualitative method with empirical-analytical approach. Descriptive analysis and stakeholder analysis will be employed for the primary data gathered through interviews with representative informants and field observation in GMbNP and ALNP. The secondary data from official documents, planning-evaluation report documents, government regulations, literature are collected and analyzed descriptively through narrative text, tables, diagram and figures to get salient findings. <br /> <br /> The results reveals that Kopeng Alam Semesta Ltd as the private sector has a business license to manage an area of 37.10 hectares for 55 years from 2016 to 2071 with an investment of US$ 944,881 and payback period estimation of 8.6 years in GMbNP. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and self-support accounting type project are introduced, and the private sector finances the whole cost of project activities, recovers cost directly from users (user payment) under the concession period and transfers the facilities to public in the end of project. The PPP project can be divided into four major phases; namely initial, planning, execution and closed-out. In the execution phase there are nine project activities namely, arrangement of concession area, protection and maintenance of concession area, construction and maintenance of ecotourism facilities, visitor management, environmental management, human resource development, community engagement, business administration and marketing. There are four prominent stakeholders involved in the PPP project, namely Ministry of Environement and Forestry (MoEF), local government, local community and private sector. MoEF and private sector categorized as key players because they have a high interest and influence on the success of the project that should be actively groomed. The contraints of PPP implementation in GMbNP are the lack of support from experienced government institutions, the long bureaucratic path for permits and the absence of stakeholder management model. <br /> <br /> Curently, ALNP has prepared ecotourism planning that outlines ecotourism potential and development priorities, including description of ecotourism facilities type and estimated cost required. Although, ALNP has limitation on budget and human resources capacity for ecotourism development, the implementation of PPP will has a legal basis in the form of policies and regulations. By considering the existing condition and the experience from other Indonesia’s national parks including GMbNP which has some similarities, there will be wide open opportunities to improve the development of ecotourism in ALNP through Public Private Partnership concept. Lessons that can be captured for consideration of PPP implementation in ALNP are the importance of attention to maintenance the stakeholders properly in the early phase for the PPP project and the need for stakeholder management model. <br /> <br /> <br /> Key Words: Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), Business License, Ecotourism Development, Public Private Partnership <br /> ? <br />