THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-INVASIVE HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR ANEMIA DIAGNOSIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN

• Main Author: ARTHA ROCHMANTO (NIM: 23215049), RADITYA
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/30100
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Hemoglobin is important part of red blood cell to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin concentration in the blood can be used as physical condition parameter. A low hemoglobin level is called anaemia and high hemoglobin level is called polycythemia. Indonesia department of Health has determined the anaemia cut off level of hemoglobin concentration. Children 6 month-6 years old is 11 g/dL, children 6-14 years old and non-pregnant women are 12 g/dL, pregnant women is 11 g/dL, and men (15 years old and above) is 13 g/dL. Based on the data from WHO from 1995 until 2005, anaemia prevalence in the world is 24%. Its mean more than 1.6 billion people affected by anaemia. Young children and pregnant woman is the most prevalent with prevalence percentage are 47,4% and 41,8%, respectively. <br /> <br /> Currently, accurate and reliable hemoglobin concentration measurement uses invasive methods such as cyanmethemoglobin and automated hematology analyzer, but these methods are expensive, not real time, high infection risk, and need special techniques. Non-invasive methods offer a better alternative because it has low infection risk, instant result, and portable in size. There are some methods to measure hemoglobin non-invasively such as magnetic plethysmograpgy, capacitance plethysmography, camera, photoacoustic, impedance plethysmography, camera, and photoplethysmography. <br /> <br /> This work developed a non-invasive hemoglobin measurement for anemia diagnosis based on photoplethysmography method. Researchers did initial research used venous blood and multispectral sensor to determine wavelengths which have best correlation with the changes of hemoglobin concentration. The wavelength result from initial research, then used in non-invasive hemoglobin measurement system. The system utilized LED and photodiode as optical sensor placed on the fingertip. Photodiode just could obtain DC component, so the signal conditioning circuit which consisted of HPF, LPF and amplifier was used to <br /> <br /> obtain the AC component of the signal. This system used microcontroller to control the operation of the hardware and to calculate the hemoglobin concentration. <br /> <br /> Based on the result of initial research, red and infrared light were used in the non-invasive system. 78 volunteers were performed to tested the non-invasive system with 20 volunteer’s data were used for training and the remaining 58 volunteer’s data were used for testing. The result showed that the non-invasive system has average error 1,77 g/dL. The values of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for anemia diagnosis are 0%, 67,9%, 0%, and 87,8%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 0 (useless) and negative likelihood ratio was 1,472 (useless). The accuracy of the new non-invasive device was 62.1%.