PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF THREE PLANT PHYLLANTHUS (EUPHORBIACEAE

• Main Author: Windayani, Neneng
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Kimia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/33621
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Phyllanthus is one of the second largest after the Euphorbia genus of the plant family Euphorbiaceae with the deployment region include tropical and subtropical regions, including Asia, Africa, and South America. Some plants of this genus have various properties and has long been used in traditional medicine to overcome the kidney and bladder disorders, intestinal infections, diabetic and liver dysfunction. Phytochemical studies of the group of plants is still relatively rare, only 29 of the 700 species that have been studied Phyllanthus, two samples which are from Indonesia, it was revealed that this genus is a producer of various types of groups of secondary metabolites, including group lignans, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic acids. From the class of lignans, groups dibenzilbutane, lignan aryltetralin, dibenzylbutyirolacton, neolignan, and arylnaphthalenolide, has been isolated and identified; while from the class of triterpenoids include the types euphane, lupane, oleanane, friedelane, and glutinane. Alkaloids have been isolated and identified a kuinolizidin derivative, limited to securinine. The third group, ie lignans, triterpenes, and alkaloids are important secondary metabolites in plants Phyllanthus. In addition to the phytochemical study, the researchers also have studied the biological properties of plants of the genus Phyllanthus, both at the level of extracts or pure compounds isolated. Bioactivity study of this genus of plant extracts have been reported include antioxidant and antiviral properties, proving that this plant group potential, especially as a source of antimicrobials. On the level of pure compounds, have also been tested, especially as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor. This research has been carried out phytochemical studies on three species Phyllanthus plants that grow in Indonesia, namely P. myrtifolius, P. emblica, and P. niruri. In addition, also examined the antimicrobial properties of acetone extracts of three Phyllanthus and twelve pure compounds isolated against eight species of bacteria "Bandung" isolates Gram-(-) (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae, and Vibrio cholerae), and Gram-(+) bacteria B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and twelve bacteria from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) (?Malaysia? isolates) yaitu (Gram-(+): B. cereus ATCC 33019, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, Listeria monocytogenesis ATCC 15313, Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 3314, MRSA (Meticillin Resistant S. aureus) ATCC 29213, S. epidermidis ATCC 155, Streptococcus mutants ATCC 27351, and S. mutants (clinical isolate); Gram-(-): Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13773, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and S. typhi) and one species of filamentous fungal, Fusarium oxsysporum, as well as revealing the relationship between structure compounds and their bioactivity. P. myrtifolius were collected from Bogor, West Java. Bark of P. emblica collected from Bandung, West Java, while all parts of P. niruri collected from Kebumen, Central Java. Isolation of secondary metabolites in this study conducted in several stages of work, covering phase extraction, fractionation, and purification of compounds by using various chromatographic techniques. The molecular structure of the isolated compounds is determined based on the analysis of spectroscopic data, mainly spectroscopy NMR-1D and NMR-2D. Meanwhile, test the antimicrobial properties against pathogens bacteria using standard methods CLSI M07-A9 while against the filamentous fungus F. oxysporum refers to the method of the CLSI standard M38-A2. In this study has been isolated twelve pure compounds, including one new compound, 3?-(3',4'-di-O-acetyl-?-L-arabinopyranosyl)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (1), other compounds have been known, which includes one triterpene, lupeol (2); seven lignans with arylnaphthalene group, namely phyllamyricin A (3), retrojusticidin B (4), justicidin B (5), phyllamyricin C (6), phyllamyricin E (7), phyllamyricin F (8), piscatorin (9); two lignans with aryltetralin group and dibenzyilbutane namely nirtetralin B (10) and phyllanthin (11), and one compound benzoic acid derivative, 4-O-methylgallic acid (12). The antimicrobial activity test on the level of the extract, generally three extracts inhibitory activity against the growth of Gram-(-) better than the inhibition against Gram-(+). In testing the antibacterial properties of acetone extracts of Phyllanthus plants against bacterial test "Malaysia" isolates show acetone extracts of P. myrtifolius active against MRSA (inhibition zone 14 mm), although lower than the positive control antibiotic (chlorhexidine, 22 mm). On pure compounds levels, new compounds triterpenes glycosides 3?-(3',4'-di-O- acetyl-?-L-arabinopyranosyl)-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (1) and arylnaphthalene lignan phyllamyricin C (6) (MIC 31.3 ?g/mL) are two isolated compounds potential as an antibacterial. Both of these compounds showed the highest activity against seven of the eight species tested bacteria "Bandung" isolates, especially against the Gram-(-), and one Gram-(+) B. subtilis. Retrojustisidin B (3) an arylnaphthalene lignan and phyllamyricin A (4) also showed the same activity with the compounds 1 and 6, except against S. typhi bacteria (MIC 62.5 ?g/mL). Arylnaphthalene lignans justicidin (5), phyllamyricin E (7), and phyllamyricin F (8) showed moderate antibacterial activity (62.5 to 125 mg/mL). While against twelve species tested bacteria "Malaysia" isolates., compound 1-12 showed moderate and weak activity (MIC 62.5 to 500 ?g/mL) to all tested bacteria. Based on antifungal properties test, isolated compounds from P. myrtifolius and P. niruri most actively inhibit the growth of fungal F. oxysporum with MIC value of 4.0 ?g/mL each, so that both of these compounds have a high potential as a natural compound and to overcome mycotic or fungal F. oxysporum infection may even constitute lead compounds in the search for active compounds as antifungal Fusarium. Based on relatively high potential of plants of the genus Phyllanthus as an antimicrobial agent and still many species Indonesian Phyllanthus that have not been studied, then further research on phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity, including quantitative structure and activity relationship (QSAR) in the genus Phyllanthus should be continued. Further studies on the bioactivity of phytochemicals more widely reveal the potential of plants of Indonesian Phyllanthus as antimicrobial derived from natural products.