VOLTAMMETRIC STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CETIRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE AND DEXTROCHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE ANTIHISTAMINES IN SURFACTANT MEDIUM BY USING CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE

• Main Author: Hattu, Nikmans
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Kimia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/35537
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Development of analytical methods is focused on finding new methods that are practical, fast, economical, and having high sensitivity. Many analytical methods having high sensitivity for practical uses have been developed. In the field of electroanalysis, voltammetry method is the most widely used method to answer the challenge. This method has been proving to be able to analyze organic and inorganic analyte in trace concentration. By developing modified electrode with specific modifier combined with a compatible voltammetry technique, a more sensitive method can be obtained. Two voltammetry techniques that normally used to increase the sensitivity are square wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Voltammetry method has been used in drugs analysis that having electro-active character. Antihistamine is a medicine that has many applications. It usually used in allergic treatment. It is also used as ingredient in drug for common cold. Due to the increase of allergic prevalence, the use of antihistamine is increase significantly. Improvement in quality control of antihistamine medicine is required. Cetirizine dihydrochloride (CDC) and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate (DCM) are two of many antihistamines that are widely used. Cetirizine dihydrochloride is a second-generation antihistamine of piperazine derivate while dextro- chlorpheniramine maleate is a first generation antihistamine of propilamine derivate. Both are often used to inhibit pharmacology action of histamine competitively (H1 receptor histamine antagonist) and to handle rhinitis and urticaria symptoms. Several analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of both antihistamines. In this research, new voltammetric methods were developed for voltammetric analysis of both compounds in solution containing surfactant. Voltammetric measurements were conducted using carbon paste working electrode, Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference electrode and platinum wire auxiliary electrode. Carbon paste electrode was chosen as working electrode because it is easy to make, practical to use and having low residual current, while the other two electrodes are normally used in voltammetric measurements. This research was aimed to find a voltammetric method for the analysis of cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate using carbon paste electrode in analyte solution containing surfactant. The surfactant was used to improve the sensitivity of analysis by accumulating analyte on the surface of carbon paste electrode. The mechanism of electron transfer on the surface of electrode was also studied. Four surfactants were used in this study, namely, Triton X-100, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). All surfactants increased peak current of both antihistamine studied, where CTAB provide the highest sensitivity. The optimum concentration of CTAB in solution for the analysis of cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate was 0.1 mM and 0.2 mM, respectively. The performance of carbon paste electrode in the analysis of both antihistamines was good. The linier range of calibration curves were found between 10?5 M to 10?2 M. Spike samples analysis for both antihistamine was accurate with percent recoveries larger than 93% and 96% for cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate, respectively. Relative errors for cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate analysis are between 3.09 – 6.58 % and 0.38 – 3.80 %, respectively. Reproducibility of the measurements (in % of variant coefficient) was 0.78 and 0.29 % for cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate, respectively, showing that measurements of both antihistamines have good precision. The detection limits for cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate were 6.81 ?M and 7.38 ?M, respectively. Analysis of tablet sample was very accurate for both antihistamines with percent recovery larger than 96%. The increase of peak current in the presence of surfactant in solution indicating that cetirizine dihydrochloride and dextrochlorpheniramine maleate was accumulated on the surface of the electrode by the surfactants. In addition, the peak current of cyclic voltammogram of both antihistamine increased linearly as function of square root of the scan rate (?1/2) indicating that antihistamine accumulated by surfactant diffuse to the surface of the electrode before heterogeneous electron transfer occurred. This research has provided new reliable method for antihistamine analysis and improves our understanding on surfactant role in increasing sensitivity of voltammetric analysis of organic compound. It is expected that the results can be used for development of new electrochemical analysis.