TRANSFORMATION OF DWELLING PROCESS IN COASTAL AREAS PRONE TO FLOODING (Case Study : Muara Angke, North Jakarta)

• Main Author: Anita, Juarni
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Arsitektur
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/39020
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

The phenomenon of dwelling elevations are common in coastal areas prone to flooding, including fisherman housing in Muara Angke, North Jakarta. These elevations are done to overcome the danger of flooding. A number of factors become the cause of flood in Muara Angke, include land subsidence, sea level rise, high rainfall, and siltation of the river mouth. Since this settlement was built in 1977, massive flooding has occurred 10 times in the span of about 40 years. Flood becomes a stimulus for the elevation of these dwellings. Now, the form of dwellings are very diverse, both height, breadth, and architectural design, as a result of adjustment efforts to overcome flooding and fulfill the family's social and economic needs. Physical changes will affect changes in living activities. Furthermore, both of these changes affect the meaning of dwelling, so that the transformation of the dwelling process has occurred in Muara Angke. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is as follows: a) to identify the resident's adjustment strategies to their physical dwellings; b) to analyze the impact of dwelling changes on resident activities; and c) to analyze the impact of physical and activity changes on the meaning of dwellings. Muara Angke was chosen as the case study and the research location was Blok H, L, K and Bermis in Muara Angke. The four residential blocks were chosen because the blocks were settlements which were originally built by the government and were maintained as horizontal settlements in Muara Angke. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative method was used to collect demographic data and physical changes of dwellings. Qualitative method was used to collect historical data on floods, community conditions, changes in activities and meanings. Qualitative data that have been analyzed subsequently converted into quantitative data. Data collection was done through literature studies, field observation and measurement, semi-structured and open interviews to 120 respondents were selected purposively. Flooding was a stimulus that encourages residents to respond with dwelling adjustment measures. They raised the ground floor, ceiling and built the house storied. In addition to the flooding factor, family internal factors also affected these changes such as income, education, employment, and the number of family members. Flood was an impetus for residents to change the dwellings according to their family needs and economic capacity. The dwellings were expanded, functions were added, the configuration of spaces were more diverse, and the dwellings had aspects of architectural design. The higher the socio-economic level of residents, the more permanent the dwellings and responding to floods, and had aspects of architectural design. Physical changes to the dwelling affected the living activities. The floor elevation of the dwelling decreased the number of activities responding to floods, adding the economic functions increased the economic activities, the dwelling expansion increased the role of children in the family, changing space configurations shifted private activities from public activities so that families gained privacy in establishing family and social interactions. Families with limited economic capacity were not able to increase the durability of their dwellings and they lived in flood-prone dwellings. They were only able to adapt by increasing the psychological tolerance threshold for stress and changing behavior. Physical changes and acivities affected changes in the meaning of the dwellings. The meaning of the dwellings developed into more diverse, there were nine (9) meanings which were hierarchical from the physical meaning, functional meaning, and symbolic meaning. In general, the meaning of dwellings in the present time are increasing compared to the initial period of residence. The research contribution is that flooding has a role in the transformation of dwelling processes, because flooding triggers the elevation of dwelling to respond the floods, and becomes an opportunity (impetus) for the occurrence of other physical changes. Adjustment and adaptation are a mechanism to survive in the transformation of the dwelling process. The transformation of dwelling process consists of three patterns, namely: a) general transformation (driven by socio-economic conditions); b) special transformation (driven by external factors); and c) transformation that occur is driven by disasters (floods). The need to increase the resilience of the dwelling become a trigger for transformation of dwelling processes in a disaster environment. Furthermore, dwellings that have endurance create feelings of attachment to residents in their dwellings, so they survive in the settlement. For the sustainability of housing in flood-prone coastal settlements, government support is needed to increase dwelling and settlement durability.