DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION FACTOR AND EMISSION INVENTORY FOR PARTICULATE MATTER 2.5 µm (PM2.5) AND BLACK CARBON (BC) FROM CROP RESIDUE OPEN BURNING (CASE STUDY AT WEST JAVA PROVINCE)
Open burning of agricultural residues on the field is a common way to eliminate crop residues after harvest because this method is an easy and inexpensive way to deal with waste on the agricultural field. However, this activity has an impact on humans and environment because it is a major composer o...
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| Format: | Dissertations |
| Language: | Indonesia |
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| Online Access: | https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/40456 |
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| Institution: | Institut Teknologi Bandung |
| Language: | Indonesia |
| Summary: | Open burning of agricultural residues on the field is a common way to eliminate crop residues after harvest because this method is an easy and inexpensive way to deal with waste on the agricultural field. However, this activity has an impact on humans and environment because it is a major composer of the 2.5 microns particulate matter (PM2.5) material and also Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) which has the potential effect of air, atmospheric, and climate change. One of SLCP is black carbon (BC), that its effect would increase the earth temperature that will cause climate change. The purpose of this study is to develop emission factors and inventory of PM2.5 and BC emissions from agricultural waste (rice straw, corn stover, and sugar cane) in West Java Province using bottom up-tier 3. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to determine the spatial distribution using Geographic Information System and formulate the mitigation scenarios for PM2.5 and BC from agricultural waste burning activities in West Java Province
Combustion experiments are accomplished in the field and with the Open Burning Test Facility (OBTF). The sampling of PM2.5 from combustion fumes was using a MiniVol Sampler, then carried out to laboratory analysis to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and BC contained in PM2.5 and the characteristics of burned agricultural waste which included water content, ash content, fix carbon, and carbon content. PM2.5 concentration analysis was carried out by the gravimetric method while the BC concentration was analyzed using the light reflectance method using a smoke stain reflectometer. Determination of characteristics of agricultural waste is carried out by proximate and ultimate analysis. During the sampling, meteorological conditions (temperature, wind direction, and speed, pressure, and humidity) and combustion characteristics (efficiency factor and combustion efficiency) were also measured
Calculation of emission loads PM2.5 and BC refers to the Atmospheric Brown Cloud-Emission Inventory Manual (ABC-EIM), using emission factors and specific activity data for the combustion in West Java. These two values were obtained from the measurement and calculation during the first phase of the research phase until the third stage in 2015 – 2017. The PM2.5 emission factors used for this study were respectively 0.975 mg/kg for the burning of rice straw, 1,675 mg/kg for the burning of corn stover, and 0,121 mg/kg for the burning of sugarcane. While the BC emissions factors were respectively 0.139 mg/kg for rice straw, 0.162 g/kg for corn stover, and 0.062 g/kg for sugarcane. Specific activity data used are plant production, residual/plant yield ratio, residue/plant (dry weight), combustion fraction, and combustion efficiency. The result of the calculation of emission load for the total value of PM2.5 are 2.822,2 ton/year for rice straw, 709,6 ton/year for corn stover, 4.5 ton/year for sugarcane. While total emissions for BC are 497.9 ton/year for rice straw, 42.4 ton/year for corn stover, 2.2 ton/year for sugarcane. From the PM2.5 total emissions in West Java, the biggest contributor is from the rice straw burning with 79,7% percentage.
The spatial distribution of the grid results with the Geographic Information System shows the spread of the dominant PM2.5 emissions from burning rice straw to the north of West Java Province, which is around Indramayu, Subang, and Karawang Regencies while the BC emissions dominantly originate from the burning of sugar cane distributed to the northeast of the Province West Java, which is around Cirebon Regency, Majalengka, and Kuningan. The uncertainty analysis with the Monte Carlo method is still within the 40 – 60% range for the PM2.5 emission factor and the 70% – 85% range of non-disabling factors for the BC emission factor and 10% – 80% for the activity data uncertainty. When compared with the tier 1 measurements (-76% + 131%) by Permadi and Kim Oanh (2013) the results of the calculations with tier 3 are in the lower uncertainty level. This means that the results of the emissions inventory with tier 3 provide a lower uncertainty result.
Scenario I by developing appropriate technology in the utilization of agricultural waste as a renewable energy source as much as 5% during the projected year (2016-2030). The mitigation results can be estimated to reduce burning of agricultural waste by 1.89% for scenario I and 7.3% for scenario II options. Reduction with scenario I of 1.89% can reduce as much as 10.5 million tons of rice straw which is burned or equivalent to a rice area of 618.5 ha.
Scenario II by utilizing agricultural waste as livestock food supplements with an emission reduction target of 10%, so that percent reduction in biomass can be set to use for rice straw, 7.3%, corn stover utilization, 0.97% and utilization of sugar cane sangrah of 0.89%. The percentage reduction in agricultural waste burned is equivalent to the size of the harvest area, which is equal to 239.1 hectares for rice plants, 3,558 hectares for corn plants, and 234.8 hectares for sugar cane plants,
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