IDENTIFICATION OF EMBODIED ENERGY (EE) VALUES AND CARBON EMISSIONS OF CONSTRUCTION PHASE IN MIDDLE-LOW CLASS APARTMENT Case Study: Apartments in Three City in Indonesia

• Main Author: Ramadhan, Try
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Arsitektur
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/41780
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

The level of gap between the needs and the availability of houses (backlogownership) in Indonesia is still very large reaching 11.4 million housing units in 2015. The gap has an impact on the increasing number of housing construction in large numbers in Indonesia, especially vertical flats or apartments. The development focuses on the middle and lower middle sectors which are filled by Low Income Communities (MBR), especially in big cities in West Java Province and DKI Jakarta. Buildings basically consume energy such as fuel and electricity in each stage of the process until the building is built. With the increasing development of middle and lower class apartments, of course, it also requires or consumes greater energy. The energy contained in a building is called an Embodied Energy (EE) building. The greater energy consumption if it is not controlled it can have a negative impact on the environment. One of the environmental impacts of energy use is the emergence of carbon emissions (CO2) which is considered to be one of the factors causing the increase in world temperatures (global warming) and climate change that has been felt at this time. Therefore, it is very important to identify the value of energy and the impact of carbon emissions from the construction of lower middle class apartments which are predicted to increase. This research will use a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach that can see from various stages of the construction phase of a building. This study uses an I-O analysis model that converts macroeconomic level data into sectoral energy data. This method is considered very powerful and reliable to use and is considered appropriate for use in Indonesia where the availability of data is still relatively poor. This research will begin by (1) identifying the scope and needs and data sources that will be used in the measurement of input-output analysis, then (2) measuring the energy value and carbon emissions of building materials in the lower middle class apartment construction phase by using analysis-based input-output, (3) identify patterns that occur between apartment cases, and (4) identify factors that influence the value of energy embodied and carbon emissions. There are six cases studied. In stage 1 it was found that the scope of this study was a cradle to completion with primary and secondary data sources, where the use of secondary data in the form of an average year except for Indonesian I-O Table data made per 5 years, so it was used the last year (2010). Whereas in stage 2, it was identified that the total energy embodied value (combined architectural and structural units) from the lower middle class apartment case reached 0.613 GJ / m2 to 0.834 GJ / m2, with carbon emission values reaching 51.99 kgCO2 / m2 to 68.19 kgCO2 / m2. In addition, the value of energy and carbon emissions in architectural works tend to be greater than structural works reaching 1.5 to 3 times. In stage 3, it can be identified that there are different patterns of differences in various cases based on work, material and installation / wage comparisons. In architectural work, the greatest value lies in mortar and floor work with the largest in mortar material, while in structural work lies in floor plate work with the largest in iron material. Whereas in the installation / wage ratio, the greatest value in mortar work requires innovation in methods and technology that can reduce energy and emissions. While for marble work, curtain wall, ceramics, ACP, aluminum and light brick, glass, are dominated by the energy contained in the material, so the reduction strategy must focus on the industrial and transportation stages. And in stage 4, several factors that can be identified are related to material selection, building configuration, and rationing ratio (effectiveness and efficiency of structural calculations).