WET DEPOSITION QUALITY IN BANDUNG AREA AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS POLLUTANT SOURCES

• Main Author: Yuniarti Hasan, Nia
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Teknik saniter dan perkotaan; teknik perlindungan lingkungan
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/44088
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Wet deposition is the scavenging process of pollutants, naturally transport to Earth’s surface with rain, snow or fog. The Monitoring of wet deposition in Indonesia has been carried out by EANET (East Asia Acid Deposition Network) on 5 (five) monitoring stations including in Bandung. Wet deposition quality research, especially the concentration of heavy metals in the Bandung area was needed because rainwater was an indicator of impact local and long-range transport emission natural and anthropogenic air pollutant in an urban area. Research of wet deposition quality in Bandung area were aimed at an analysis of characteristics and identification of its pollutant sources in Bandung area. This study analyzed historical secondary data of EANET in 2003–2015, and primary data from research results in the Bandung area in 2016–2017 at 4 (four) different locations in the Bandung area. The research can be used for air quality management consideration in the Bandung area. Rainwater characterization in Bandung area was conducted using bulk rainwater samples in 4 (four) site: (1) Lembang area (1.202 m asl), (2) Coblong area (803 m asl), (3) Sumur Bandung area (742 m asl), and (4) Buah Batu area (642 m asl) during 2016 and 2017. Rainwater sample analysis were pH, ions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and NH4+), and heavy metal concentration (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, dan Zn). The quality of wet deposition in Bandung in 2003–2015 (EANET) showed the Precipitation Weighted Mean (PWM) range of pH 4.93–5.46 with the highest PWM concentration of major ions nss-SO42- and NH4+. The highest wet deposition load in Bandung were SO42- (29,65?37,86 kg/Ha/year), NO3- (15,66?37,98 kg/Ha/year), and NH4+ (5,96?23,42 kg/Ha/year). Trend analysis showed that PWM pH and PWM NH4+, Ca2+, dan Mg2+ (P < 0,05), also SO42-, NO3-, Na+, and K+ (P > 0,05) towards increasing trend every year in Bandung, The result of study show PWM composition of rainwater concentration was dominated by SO42- and Ca2+ ions also Pb and Zn. The process of neutralization of rainwater was dominated by ammonium rather than calcium and magnesium, except in the Lembang area was dominated by calcium. The highest natural source contribution from the sea salt was chloride ions in the Lembang area. The highest wet deposition flux in the Bandung area were sulfate (33,38–74,64 kg/Ha) and ammonium (15,39–18,43 kg/Ha). 2- - 2+ 2+ - Spatial variability was showed for ion nss-SO4 , ss-NO3 , nss-Ca , ss-Mg , nss , K+, NH4+, and Cr, while ss-SO42-, ss-Cl-, nss-Cl-, H+, Na+, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were not showing spatial differences. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between ions from the same source were the sea salt (Na+ with ss-Cl-, ss-SO42-, ss-NO3-, ss-Ca2+, ss-Mg2+, and ss-K+), soil dust (nss-Ca2+ with nss-Mg2+, nss-K+), anthropogenic activities from fossil fuel combustion and domestic wastewater (nss-SO42- with nss-NO3- and NH4+) and other anthropogenic sources from vehicle emission and industrial emission (Cr and Cd, also Zn and Pb). Identification of rainwater of pollutants analysis in Bandung area based on observational data in 4 (four) locations were sea salt, anthropogenic pollutant, and soil dust. Other anthropogenic sources from industrial activities (As, Cd, and Cr), biomass combustion and motor vehicle emissions. Principal component analysis shows that pollutants sources of wet deposition in the Lembang area are 4 (four) main factors, the Coblong area was 5 (five) main factors, the Sumur Bandung area was 6 (six) main factors and Buah Batu area was 5 (five) main factors. Rainwater quality in 4 (four) locations in Bandung area showed lightly polluted and moderate polluted quality based on the parameters in the water quality index analysis. Rainwater utilization must consider the quality parameters that do not meet the requirements of the pH value and the concentration of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) that do not meet the water quality criteria under Government Regulation No. 82 in 2001 about Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control. Rainwater harvesting for urban communiy requires a rainwater quality analysis and primary appropriate treatment.