DETECTION OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF GLUCOSE AVERSION BEHAVIOR IN GERMAN COCKROACHES, Blattella germanica L. (DICTYOPTERA:BLATTELLIDAE) IN INDONESIA

• Main Author: Budi Ambarningrum, Trisnowati
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/45660
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

German cockroaches Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) one among those important domestic pests. Baiting has been being applied in controlling this type of pest. However, so far, the cockroaches have been able to develop such a characteristic that allow them to be resistant to such type of bait and knows as a glucose aversion, leads to the failure in handling this organism. Glucose aversion is a behavior to avoid bait, reduce consumption or stop consumption of bait containing glucose in German cockroaches. Glucose aversion is one of the phenomena of behavioral resistance in German roaches that are exposed to bait containing glucose with insecticide with the same action in a long time. In Indonesia, so far, there is no scientific report on glucose aversion on German cockroaches available. The current study was aimed at (1). evaluate the potential of glucose aversion character on 21 strain German cockroaches obtained from Indonesia in developing this character. (2) examine the chemosensory response to German cockroaches through behavioral observation The selection of sugar which includes the latency to the sugar, the frequency of visits to the sugar, and the duration of being in sugar, and (3) examine the metabolic response underlying the sugar selection process in the German cockroaches through the measurement of nutritional indices, which includes: Consumption Rate/CR, Growth Rate (Consumption Rate/CR, Efficiency of Conversion of Digested Food/ECD), Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested Food/ECI, and Approximate Digestibility/AD). Current study was divided into three stages: (1) detection of behavior's development on glucose aversion on 21 German cockroach strains obtained from 12 provinces in Indonesia to commercial bait containing 0.05% fipronil and glucose, (2) testing for chemosensory responses of German cockroaches susceptible strain for insecticides as well as the field's strains which were detected for behavioral aversion on glucose bait (3) testing the metabolic responses of susceptible strain of german cockroaches and field strain that have the potential to develop the behavior of glucose aversion and non-glucose aversion on several types of sugars. The results showed that four German cockroaches strains (14.05%) namely JKT-a, JKT-b, BDG-b, and PKU-b strains were indicated for their potential on developing glucose aversion behavior. The highest tolerant on bait (Maxforce forte 0.05 gel) was observed from JKT-b strain. The resistance ratio value 50 (RR50) of the selective parental (P) and Filial-1 (F1) were higher than the RR50 value of the unselected population. However, the RR50 value of the F1 group was slighlty lower than P. This detectable on both groups with behavioral glucose aversion and having no potential for behavioral aversion. Lethal Time 50 (LT50) of the F1 group was also shorter than that of P group. Detection of the development of glucose aversion behavior in the four strains indicated that the four strains had previously been exposed to glucose-based bait in their original area. Glucose aversion is a form of behavioral adaptation, due to the plasticity of the sensory system to adapt to rapid environmental changes. The observation of sugar selection behavior showed that the treatment of various types of sugar and strains significantly affected latency (p<0.05). The fastest latency of VCRU, BKL and PDG strains came to maltose and sucrose, while the longest latency came to fructose. In the PKU-b strain, the fastest latency came to plain agar (control), whereas in the JKT-b strain the fastest latency came to sucrose. The results of observations of frequency and duration showed that there were very significant differences in the treatment and strains of the frequency and duration of sugar (p 0.001). The frequency and duration of BKL, PDG, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains are higher in sucrose and maltose, although in JKT-b and PKU-b strains the visit and duration are lower than BKL and PDG strains, while the frequency and duration of VCRU strain higher in glucose. Based on the results of the regression analysis, there was a very significant effect (p 0.001) between the frequency of cockroach visits to the treatment with the duration of being treated, with a correlation of 43% (R2 = 0.43). The linear regression equation formed Y = 22.4x - 13.55. When first detecting the presence of food, cockroaches would orient themselves using olfactory sensilla, followed by movements towards their food source, then by using gustatory sensilla, orientation was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of food. If the food contains enough nutrients, then the food would be consumed, but if it didn't match the nutritional needs, then cockroaches would look for other foods that fulfilled their nutritional needs. The results of the measurement of consumption rate (CR) and growth rate (GR) showed that there were very significant differences both in the treatment and strain of German cockroaches (p< 0.001). Glucose and sucrose were consumed more by the VCRU strain. Maltose was consumed more by BKL and PKU-b strains, while PDG and JKT-b strains consumed more sucrose. JKT-b and PKU-b strains consumed less glucose than other strains. The highest GR values in VCRU strains that consumed glucose, while the highest GR values in BKL, PDG, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains that consumed sucrose. ECD values of nymphs consuming different sugars were highly significant in the treatment (p <0.001) and significantly different in the strain (p <0.05). The ECI values for the treatments and strains were significantly different (p <0.001). The highest ECD values in nymphs consuming glucose were indicated by VCRU and PDG strains, while the highest ECD in nymphs consuming sucrose was seen in BKL, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains. The highest ECI values in VCRU strains that consumed glucose, while the highest ECI values in BKL, PDG, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains that consumed sucrose. The estimated value of the AD in the treatment and strain was significantly different (p< 0.001). The highest AD value was found in VCRU strains that consumed glucose, whereas in the BKL, JKT-b, and PKU-b strains the highest AD values were found in nymphs consuming fructose. In the PDG strain, the highest AD value was found in nymphs consuming sucrose. In general, it could be seen in all strains that the high ECD and ECI values in glucose and sucrose seemed to be in line with the high CR and GR values in each of these sugars, except for BKL and PKU-b strains which, although the highest CR is in maltose, it turned out to be good GR, ECD, and ECI were higher in sucrose. Based on the measurement of this nutritional indices, it can be concluded that German cockroaches will compensate when consuming unsourced sugar by consuming more and increasing their digestive capacity and reducing the efficiency of their food utilization. Therefore, the metabolic cost is needed, which causes the growth rate to decrease. Sucrose has the ability as a phagostimulant and the best ability to support the growth of German cockroach nymphs. Not all sugars that have the ability as phagostimulants are nutrients that can support the growth of German cockroach nymphs. Even though maltose had the ability as a phagostimulant, it was less able to support the growth of German cockroach nymphs. This indicates that German cockroaches prioritize the metabolic response rather than the chemosensory response in choosing appropriate foods to support its growth. Another thing that can be concluded from the results of this study is that field strain that is indicated to develop glucose aversion behavior lower sugar consumption / less compared to non-glucose averse field strain. This study is the first report in Indonesia that examines the potential development of glucose aversion behavior in German cockroaches in Indonesia. Observation of the chemosensory response and metabolic response made through the behavior sampling approach and the measurement of the nutritional indices using the gravimetric method is also the first report ever reported on German cockroaches. The results of this study provide information and indications that it seems that continuous selection pressures using glucose feeds as phagostimulants and the same active ingredient over a long period of time will make German cockroaches develop the glucose aversion behavior so that control- based glucose bait will be ineffective. The results of this study contribute to being able to be used as a reference for pest control operators (PCOs) in formulating bait for controlling German cockroaches. Another contribution is to provide a better understanding that the cockroach metabolic response based on the nutritional content of food is a determinant of behavior in choosing food in this case sugar.