HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT DUE TO WATER USAGE FROM NON-PDAM RESOURCES IN THE UPPER CITARUM WATERSHED
Clean water is a basic need that has a direct impact on human well-being. Groundwater is one of the non-PDAM water sources and still the main source of community water supply should meet water quality standards to be suitable for use. However, the development of anthropogenic activities causes decre...
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| Format: | Theses |
| Language: | Indonesia |
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| Online Access: | https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/51821 |
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| Institution: | Institut Teknologi Bandung |
| Language: | Indonesia |
| Summary: | Clean water is a basic need that has a direct impact on human well-being. Groundwater is one of the non-PDAM water sources and still the main source of community water supply should meet water quality standards to be suitable for use. However, the development of anthropogenic activities causes decreases in groundwater quality in the Upper Citarum Watershed. This research aims to assess the groundwater quality used by the community, estimate the health risk due to groundwater use, and identify the main pollutants that pose public health risks. Total 51 groundwater samples were collected from different locations based on land use, i.e. domestic, agricultural, and industrial. Samples were analyzed based on 17 water quality parameters consisting of pH, temperature, turbidity, TDS, TH, NO3-, NO2-, As, Cd, Cr(VI), Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn, total coliform (TC), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Interviews were conducted with 70 respondents to determine the source and type of water use. The results revealed that Cd, Cr(VI), Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, TC, and E. coli values exceed the Permenkes 32/2017 safe limits. The majority of respondents (97%) use shallow ground wells as their clean water source for daily use such as bathing and washing. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment shows that groundwater samples are only safe to use for activities related to dermal contact (HQdermal < 1) but can give an adverse effect if consumed (HQoral > 1) for both adults and children. In addition, groundwater samples had associated carcinogenic health risks (ECR > 1 x 10-6) due to contamination with As, Cd, Cr(VI), and Pb. Therefore, this is a need to establish a system to regularly assessing the groundwater quality to minimize public health risks. |
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