LIGHT SCATTERING FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF NANOCRYSTAL URINE AND THE EVALUATION OF URINE HEALTH LEVEL

• Main Author: Warty, Yuni
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/52153
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

The existence of urinary stones can cause blockage in the urinary tract and disrupt the kidney's function that controls the balance of the human body water. Six out of 1000 Indonesian citizens have this condition, according to the research in fundamental health in 2013. Methods for early detection of urinary stones are required to reduce patients' number and prevent the stones' recurrence in patients. Urinary stones are commonly detected after the size grows to millimeter and centimeter by using USG and CT-Scan. Therefore, it is necessary to study the method for characterizing small urine crystals. In this dissertation, several novelties are reported: First, understanding the similarities between urinary stone crystals and urine crystals. Second, the optimization of urine solution preparation for good measurement results by light scattering. Third, latex polystyrene as a justification for the difference between healthy urine and unhealthy urine by light scattering. Fourth, light scattering to determine the threshold between healthy urine (urine that is indicated as healthy without containing crystals in the urine solution) and unhealthy urine (urine that is indicated as unhealthy because it contains crystals in the urine solution) The samples were urinary stones and urine solution, each with 29 pieces. The sample's first analysis is to determine the similarity of urinary stone crystals and urine solution crystals. Besides, it is a reference for the examination of crystals in urine solution only. Urinary stones were characterized using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method and the Scanning Electron Microscope-Element Distribution Analysis (SEM-EDS). Meanwhile, the crystalline sediment from the urine solution was characterized using a microscope. The urine sample used in this study has complex components. As in the urine, the solution can be found in cells, proteins, crystals, etc. Therefore, for measurements using light scattering, the urine solution needs to be appropriately prepared. The optimization of the preparation was carried out in three aspects. (1) The type of material used to degrade proteins or separate proteins from solutions. (2) The amount of solvent used to dilute the urine solution. (3) angular velocity (centrifugation) appropriate for the urine solution. These three aspects are applied to healthy urine to see particles' response in the solution to the parameters of particle diameter and zeta potential. The results of the optimization of the preparation are used for the preparation of samples of healthy urine and unhealthy urine, which will be characterized by light scattering. Latex polytyrene has a size of 100 ± 3 nm. This is dissolved with sodium chloride (NaCl) which has different concentrations (0.001%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.16%, 0.26%, 0.36%, 0.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%). Furthermore, measurements were made for the parameters of particle diameter and zeta porosity with light scattering. The results of the analysis of the similarity of urinary stone crystals and urine crystals were 86%. From this percentage similarity, observations can be made on the urine solution only. This characterization results also provide information on the types of crystals; 31% calcium oxalate, 28% struvite, 17% uric acid, 4% cystine, 7% mixture of calcium oxalate and phosphate, and 14% different types of urinary stone crystals and urine crystals. The most suitable urine solution preparation is the addition of formaldehyde as a protein denaturation solution, diluted with distilled water 50% of the urine volume, centrifugation, and filtration with 6000 rpm and 3 ?m. Latex polystyrene at various concentrations resulted in a linear change in the zeta potential value. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in the zeta potential value. However, linear changes did not occur in particle diameter. At low concentrations, the measured diameter values were almost the same, and there was a significant change in diameter at high concentrations. From the results of the pattern of changes in diameter and zeta potential in polystyrene latex solution, it was concluded that the zeta potential was more sensitive to changes in concentration. This pattern is used to observe a solution of healthy urine and unhealthy urine on the zeta potential parameter because they are very well differentiated in the zeta potential value. The threshold for healthy urine from the zeta potential value is -6 mV.