ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION OF THERMAL CONDITIONS OF THE VISITOR AREA IN THE PRAMBANAN TEMPLE FOR THE CLIMATE-RESILIENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK DESIGN

• Main Author: Binarti, Floriberta
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Arsitektur
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/54032
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Known as the world heritage site, the Prambanan Temple Tourism Park (PTTP) becomes a prime tourism destination of the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. However, many visitors experienced heat stress in the visitor area as a typical phenomenon of the large-scale archaeological sites in the humid tropics. Temperature and precipitation increases as the impacts of global warming potentially worsen the thermal condition and threaten the sustainability of the temples. A climate-resilient approach therefore is needed to identify the vulnerability, measure the adaptive capacity, and effectively direct the mitigation strategy of the thermal condition, including the temple preservation. This research aimed to identify the holistic local and microclimatecharacteristics, and measure the adaptation level of the visitors as the basis and parameter for the mitigation of the thermal condition of the visitor area at PTTP for the climate-resilient archaeological park design.Five Local Climate Zone (LCZ) indicators were used to identify physical elements that significantly determine local climatic characteristics based on data from satellite imagery. The seven-month fixed and mobile monitoring campaigns of the microclimate conditions and surveys with a questionnaire, and the ENVI-met simulations of the existing conditions aimed to obtain the descriptions of objective and subjective microclimate characteristics as well as the visitor adaptation level in the visitor area of PTTP. The Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index was chosen to evaluate the thermal comfort level of the visitor area. The study performed Multivariate Regression analysis to determine the significance of physical elements’ effects on the local climate, microclimate elements’ effects on the PET levels, and the microclimate, clothing insulation, and the visitor thermophysiological profiles’ effects on the thermal sensation vote (TSV) in the visitor area. The analysis of One Way ANOVA between PET and TSV levels at the same time was performed to define thresholds of the PET ranges for the visitor area of Prambanan Temple.The results of the microclimate measurements show that the combinations of the very high air temperature and high mean radiant temperature in the visitor area in the hot months created“very hot” (PET +3) conditions as the dominant thermal conditions to “extremely hot” (PET +4) conditions. The visitor area’s morphology with varying degree of openness, i.e. 0.228- 1.000, created an uneven distribution of the wind speed ranging from 0 to 6 m/s. The high thermal emissivity temple stones and the morphology of the visitor area made the wind speed, air temperature, and mean radiant temperature having significant effects on the objective (PET) and subjective (TSV) thermal comfort level in the hot months. Although wind speed dominantly affected the PET and TSV level, however, the magnitudes of the wind speed ranges at all PET levels show no significant differences. Shifting the thresholds of the PET’s comfortrange for the hot months with 6 oC higher, i.e. 33.5 oC and 36.0 oC, demonstrates a high visitors’ adaptation level. This new neutral range of PET was then used as the parameter for mitigating the thermal conditions.Based on the characteristics of the local and microclimate, the visitors' thermal sensitivity and preferences, the master plan, the conservation and preservation principles of the Prambanan Temple, the mitigation strategies for the thermal conditions were formulated as follows: (1) planting trees (building a park) on the third compound to cool the surroundings which is called as Park Cooling Distance (PCD), (2) adding high Solar Reflective Index (SRI) transparent coating on the exterior temple surfaces, and (3) placement of clusters of potted trees at any distance calculated based on the strolling comfort. The effectiveness of three mitigation strategies was assessed using microclimate models which have been previously validated.The results of microclimate simulations using the ENVI-met program show that the application of PCD on the Third Compound reduced the PET value on October 17 (the hottest day) at 14:00 (the hottest time) by 0.230 oC. Adding high SRI transparent coating on the exterior temple surfaces and placing some clusters of potted trees are effective mitigation strategies because each of them reduced the PET values by around 2 oC. Three mitigation strategies support the sustainability of the temples due to the insignificant increases of the relative humidity. Despite the ineffective thermal condition mitigation strategy, PCD conforms to the Master Plan of the Prambanan Temple and potentially mitigates the climate change by improvement of the microclimate and reduction of the CO2 concentration in the Third Compound.The overall implementation of three mitigation strategies can reduce the PET value by nearly 5 oC. However, the adaptive capacity of five key areas in tourism should be increased to support the mitigation of the future thermal condition and to improve the climate resilience. The business adaptation through applications of the digital technology in new tourism attractions, the adaptation of the visit time, the adaptation of the tourism destination by periodical maintenance of the temples, and the development of public policies and frameworks for the stakeholders are proposed to help achieve a thermally comfortable and climate-resilient Prambanan Temple Park.