KAJIAN PUSTAKA SISTEM PENGHANTARAN MAKROMOLEKUL (GEN, PROTEIN, DAN PEPTIDA) TUJUAN KE OTAK MELALUI ADMINISTRASI NASAL UNTUK TERAPI TERKAIT SISTEM SARAF PUSAT

• Main Author: Mutiara Cahyani, Andi
• Format: Final Project
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/56637
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Diseases related to the central nervous system (CNS) are still becoming a public health issue due to the requirement of proper treatment and delivery of appropriate amount of the drug. Macromolecules, including genetic materals, protein and peptides, show a great potential to treat CNS diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Multiple sclerosis, and many other CNS diseases. However aproximately 95-98% of foreign molecules are hindered from entering CNS due to physical barriers by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), as well as metabolic barrier, such as the presence of enzymes which decrease effectiveness in macromolecule delivery. One of the potential strategies for overcoming the barriers is by applying the nose-to-brain (N2B) delivery strategy, which could prevent enzymatic degradation, reduce toxicity to major peripheral organs, avoid the first-pass metabolism, increase brain targeting, and noninvasive. Therefore, it is crucial to have information regarding the impact of physicochemical properties such as nanoparticles size and surface sharge on the delivery through the nasal mucosa, transport mechanism, and distribution in the brain. This study was conducted by seeking, collecting, and analyzing data from search engines, including Google scholar and Pubmed website. This literature review reveals that particle size <200 nm possesses a longer residence time, good penetration ability, and significant transport rate in N2B delivery. Moreover, the positive surface charge increases residence time due to the minimum mucociliary clearance. However, neutral and negatively charged nanoparticles can be delivered quickly, but the delivery is affected by the rapid mucociliary clearance. Nanocarrier can be further modified using protein/peptide in the form of lectins, Cell Penentrating Peptide (CPP), or other ligands such as lactoferrin to increase cell internalization. Furthermore, other substances such as cationic polymer and cationic lipidic are also utilized to form nanocarrier to protect macromolecules from degradation and increase residence time in nasal cavity.