LITERATURE STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF BIOSILICA AND SPONGIN SPONGES (PORIFERA) AS SCAFFOLDS FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING

• Main Author: Mafaza Azka, Ihda
• Format: Final Project
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/65973
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

A critical-sized bone defect is bone tissue damage accompanied by decreased bone density due to impaired bone capacity. The scaffold is one of the components in bone tissue engineering that is composed of biomaterials and plays a role in facilitating bone regeneration. One of the natural biomaterials that have the potential to be used as a scaffold comes from sponges (Porifera), namely biosilica and spongin. This literature study aims to (1) Examine the role of biosilica and spongin from sponges for bone tissue engineering; (2) Compare the sponge biomaterials with hydroxyapatite (HA) for bone tissue engineering. This study was conducted from reputable journals from Q1 to Q3 through Google Scholar, Mendeley Dekstop, and Scimagojr.com. The journals of this literature study were selected based on specific keywords and limitations, so a total of ninety-five journals were used in this study. This literature study shows that these two sponge biomaterials are biocompatible, can support osteogenic activity, and have a faster degradation rate compared with synthetic biomaterials. Specifically, sponge biosilica are osteoconductive and osteoinductive that can increase the expression of markers in osteogenic differentiation, as well as being able to induce bone mineralization through the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Meanwhile, the spongin is osteoconductive and structurally homologous to collagen proteins with a function that is still biased, but we hypothesized that spongin has a role in signaling during the bone regeneration process. The HA (synthetic material) was commonly used in bone tissue engineering because it is osteoconductive and osteoinductive which is proven could increase the expression of markers in osteogenic differentiation. The comparison between sponge biomaterials and HA shows that the rate of material degradation accompanied by the higher bone formation in sponge biomaterials, but HA has superior properties in terms of bioactivity in inducing bone regeneration. In addition, each of these biomaterials has its characteristics with advantages and disadvantages, so the scaffold fabrication was made in the form of a composite with due regard to the special parameters of bone tissue engineering. Based on these results, it can be concluded that: (1) Both sponge biomaterials plays a role in facilitating bone tissue regeneration, namely biosilica can induce osteogenic differentiation and spongin is thought to facilitate signaling in bone regeneration; and (2) Sponge biomaterials have higher biodegradability and lower bone regeneration induction compared to HA.