NEARLY 4000 YEARS - FROM THE TIME OF THE SUMERIAN-BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMERS, ARISTOTLE, CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS, TO THE MIDDLE AGES - THE SCIENCE OF THE MOVEMENT OF CELESTIAL OBJECTS (ASTRONOMY) AND THE EARLY PHILOSOPHIES OF THE COSMOS (COSMOLOGY) ARE BELIEVED TO WORK IN THE CONCEPT OF A GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM. THERE ARE MANY DISCREPANCIES WITH OBSERVATIONS, SO MUSLIM ASTRONOMERS SUCH AS AL-BATTANI (ALBATEGNIUS), TO NASHIRUDDIN AT-THUSI, CONTINUOUSLY CORRECTED AND DEVELOPED CALCULATIONS FOR THE PTOLEMAIC GEOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE. POLISH ASTRONOMER NICOLAUS COPERNICUS THEN INITIATED A HELIOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE, WHICH WAS CONCEPTUALLY DISCOVERED BY AT-THUSI'S STUDENT, IBN SYATHIR, AROUND 1350 AD. BUT MUSLIM ASTRONOMERS AGREE THAT THEY DO NOT WANT TO IMMEDIATELY BREAK THE GEOCENTRIC CONCEPT IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN HUMAN RELATIONS WITH THE SKY WHICH IS THE INTERMEDIARY FOR DIVINE REVELATION. THEN FOUND EVIDENCE OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE UNIVERSE THAT GAVE BIRTH TO MODERN-HELIOCENTRIC COSMOLOGY, IN WHICH THE HUMAN INHABITANTS OF PLANET EARTH ARE NOT PHYSICALLY THE CENTER OF THE COSMOS, SHOWING THE ROLE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE AMONG BILLIONS OF STARS AND GALAXIES DOES NOT HAVE ANY IMPACT ON PROCESSES IN THE HOMOGENEOUS-ISOTROPIC UNIVERSE. IN CONTRAST, ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY WITH ITS GEOCENTRIC CONCEPT BROUGHT BY MEDIEVAL MUSLIM SCIENTISTS SUCH AS AL-BIRUNI, IBN RUSHD, AND IBN 'ARABI, UPHOLDS THE ROLE OF HUMANS. THEY REALIZE THAT ALLAH WANTS PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE IN HIM TO RECEIVE GUIDANCE OR KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE. AL-BIRUNI WAS EVEN ABLE TO READ THE UNIVERSE WITH ASTROLOGY TO BRING BENEFITS (OF COURSE TRYING TO COMPLY WITH ISLAMIC LAW). SEVERAL MUSLIM SCIENTISTS IN THE MODERN ERA DEVELOPED THEIR TREATISES SUCH AS: WILLIAM C. CHITTICK, SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR, NIDHAL GUESSOUM AND OTHERS. MODERN MUSLIM SCIENTISTS TRY TO HARMONIZE MODERN SCIENCE AND RELIGION WITH VARIOUS SCHOOLS OF METHODS TO REVEAL THE REALITY OF THE COSMOS, BUT FAIL BECAUSE OF THE WRONG PERSPECTIVE AND LACK OF HUMAN SPIRITUAL ASPECTS. MODERN ASTRONOMER AND SUFI BRUNO GUIDERDONI ALSO SAID THAT THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION CANNOT BE RESOLVED IF THE SPIRITUAL VOCATION OF MAN IS NOT CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN PROBLEM. THIS STUDY WILL DISCUSS THE COMMON THREAD BETWEEN THE GEOCENTRIC-METAPHYSICAL COSMOLOGY OF TRADITIONALIST MUSLIM SCIENTISTS AND THE MODERN-HELIOCENTRIC COSMOLOGY OF MUSLIM RATIONALIST SCIENTISTS ACROSS THE AGES. THEN TRY TO FIND A COMBINATION OF SIGNIFICANT THOUGHTS FROM THE TWO THAT ARE BENEFICIAL TO MANKIND, BY INVOLVING THE EXISTENCE OF A SPECIAL EARTH HUMAN AS CALIPH. IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS WELL AS THE MAIN COMPONENT FOR UNDERSTANDING THE WORKINGS OF THE UNIVERSE AND KNOWING ITS GOD. KEY WORDS: COSMOLOGY, ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY, HUMAN, AL-BIRUNI, BRUNO GUIDERDONI, SCIENCE, MODERN

• Main Author: Fadhilah Nurrahmah, Khazanah
• Format: Final Project
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/66164
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Nearly 4000 years - from the time of the Sumerian-Babylonian astronomers, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemaeus, to the Middle Ages - the science of the movement of celestial objects (astronomy) and the early philosophies of the cosmos (cosmology) are believed to work in the concept of a geocentric system....