TROPICAL MICROFUNGI AS FUNCTIONAL FEED IN WHITE SHRIMP FARMING (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI)

• Main Author: Binur, Robi
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/66535
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Various tropical microfungi can be used as bio-ingredients for functional feeds because of their high nutritional content and bioactive compounds. For this reason, this study aimed to analyze the complete nutritional profile of tropical microfungi and prove its effect on survival, growth performance, bacterial communities, and mortality against vibriosis syndrome in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). [1] The results of field studies obtained 40 isolates of microfungi from four streams in Indonesia; through the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) gene analysis, 17 isolates were identified, with seven isolates having the highest mycelium growth on the second to fifth day, i.e., Trichoderma harzianum, Macrophoma theicola, Mucor circinelloides, Trichoderma lentiforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma hamatum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae (p > 0.05), consecutively. The highest protein content was found in M. circinelloides (45.58 %), F. oxysporum (41.34 %), M. theicola (37.62 %), T. hamatum (37.54 %), T. hamatum (35.94 %), T. lentiforme (34.82 %), and L. theobromae (31.56 %). Amino acid content between 11,023 and 18,881 g/100 g with the highest values, respectively, was found in F. oxysporum (18,881 g/100 g), T. lentiforme (16,365 g/100 g), M. circinelloides (16,027 g/100 g), M. theicola (14,867 g/100 g), L. theobromae (12,856 g/100 g), T. harzianum (11,486 g/100 g), and T. hamatum (11,023 g) /100 g). Then, the fatty acid content was between 1.094 and 5.253 %, with the highest SAFA content found in L. theobromae (1.41 %), MUFA in T. lentiforme (1.97 %), and PUFA in L. theobromae (1.97 %). Beta-glucan content was between 0.170 and 0.280 g/dry weight, with the highest successively found in M. circinelloides (0.280 g), T. lentiforme (0.277 g), T. hamatum (0.270 g), L. theobromae (0.260 g), T. harzianum (0.207 g), M. theicola (0.173 g), and F. oxysporum (0.170 g). Besides, the highest percentage of essential nutrients for optimal growth of white shrimp was obtained in M. circinelloides (66.76 %), F. oxysporum (66.46 %), T. hamatum (61.44 %), L. theobromae (57,92 %), M. theicola (57.54 %), T. lentiforme (55.38 %), and T. harzianum (54.20 %). [2] The supplementation results with two isolates microfungi (M. circinelloides and T. harzianum) into artificial feed at the larval stage (nursery) showed increased survival rates and growth performance of white shrimp compared to controls after 14 days of experimentation. The highest survival rates and growth performance, including final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio, were found in the feed supplemented with T. harzianum, followed by M. circinelloides and the combination feed (M. circinelloides+T. harzianum). Interestingly, feed supplemented with 1.5 % T. harzianum powder (T- 2) could increase the final weight (0.022 g), bodyweight rate (84.04 %), specific growth rate (14.06 % per day), and feed conversion ratio (0.49) of white shrimp larvae significantly (p < 0.05) compared to controls. In addition, 19 isolates of cultured bacteria were found in the culture water with ten dominant isolates during the experiment. The dominant bacteria in the feed supplemented with M. circinelloides powder were S. salarius and R. seohaensis compared to T. harzianum and a combination feed of G. polyisoprenivorans and C. atlanticus. In the challenge trial with Vibrio harveyi bacteria, the cumulative mortality rate (CMR) of white shrimp larvae was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the control, but the lowest mortality rate was obtained in the combination feed of 49.17 %. [3] The supplementation results with the two microfungi powder into artificial feed at the grow-out stage revealed different effects on white shrimp’s survival and growth performance compared to controls after 62 days of grow-out. Moreover, feed supplemented with 1.5 % M. circinelloides powder (M-2) could improve the survival rate up to 81.33 % and the growth performance of white shrimp, especially final body weight (5.21 g) and shrimp biomass (211.35 g). On the other hand, feed supplemented with 1.5 % T. harzianum powder (T-2) did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase the white shrimp’s survival rate and growth performance compared to control. During the trial, there were 20 isolates of culturable bacteria found in culture water with the dominant bacteria in M-2 treatment: Bacillus cereus, B. velezensis, and G. polyisoprenivorans, T-2 treatment: Acinetobacter sp., G. polyisoprenivorans, and M. luteus, and control: S. dendranthemae, M. luteus, and B. velezensis. Then, in the shrimp intestines, 11 isolates of culturable bacteria were found with the dominant bacteria in M-2 treatment: B. velezensis, M. luteus, and B. cereus, T-2: B. velezensis, Micrococcus sp.2, and D. activva, and control: M. luteus, M. lacticum, and S. saprophyticus. Feed supplemented with microfungi powder could also increase the protein content of white shrimp biomass, with the highest value obtained at the T-2 feed of 80.40 %, followed by M-2 (79.21 %) and control (76.73 %). [4] Based on these above results, it was concluded that artificial feed supplemented with 1.5 % T. harzianum powder could increase the white shrimp larvae’s growth performance (final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio/FCR) significantly (p < 0.05). Then, the supplementation with 1.5 % M. circinelloides powder could increase the white shrimp’s survival and growth performance in the grow-out stage; although not significantly, it could increase the number of functional bacteria in the culture water and shrimp’s intestines: B. velezensis, B. cereus compared to the control feed. It indicates that artificial feed supplemented with the two microfungi powder positively affected the survival and growth performance and the number of probiotic bacteria in the water culture and shrimp’s intestines. For this reason, both microfungi isolates, especially M. circinelloides, can be further developed as functional feeds in white shrimp farming. However, more in-depth and detailed research needs to be carried out, especially on the content of anti-nutritional factors that can affect the growth of shrimps.