RISK ASSESSMENT OF LEAD (PB) VIA DERMAL AND INHALATION EXPOSURE ON HEME BIOSYNTHESIS CASE STUDY: TRADITIONAL BATIK INDUSTRY IN LENDAH DISTRICT, KULON PROGO, SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA

• Main Author: Jose Nathanael, Rinaldy
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Teknik saniter dan perkotaan; teknik perlindungan lingkungan
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/67248
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Synthetic colorants are still used in process of batik making. Heavy metals in colorants, including Lead (Pb) are potential environment pollutants and also hazardous to batik workers as they may expose workers through dermal and inhalation route, causing health risks. This study aims to estimate health risks of batik workers due to chronic occupational exposure to lead by dermal and inhalation exposure route using health risk assessment methodology and to determine the relationship of lead exposure and heme biosynthesis using cross-sectional epidemiology study approach. Dermal exposure sampling was carried out using MCE filter that was attached to exposed body parts for 4 hours. Inhalation exposure sampling was carried out using personal sampler pump with MCE filter. Filters that retained lead are then analysed using XRF in laboratory. Blood Hb level and urinary ALA of workers are used as biomarkers of lead exposure related to heme biosynthesis process inhibition. Analysis of exposure measurement sample in laboratory and exposure assessment showed that the average dermal exposure of batik workers is 6.53±3.2 ng/kg/day and the average inhalation exposure concentration of batik workers is 0.0215±0.0155 µg/m3. Analysis of work factors using ANOVA showed that working place condition and type of work are significantly related to the degree of exposure of lead (p = 0.018). Noncarcinogenic risk characterization results in maximum Hazard Index of 0.659 and carcinogenic risk characterization results in maximum Excess Cancer Risk of 1.066 × 10-6. The results of both risk characterizations showed that there are no severe non-carcinogenic risk (HI<1) expected and an acceptable cancer risk (ELCR<10-4). The results of the correlation analysis showed that dermal intake and inhaled lead concentrations were positively correlated with urinary ALA of workers, although insignificant (rd = 0.239, pd = 0.102, ri = 0.015, pi = 0.47) while dermal intake and inhalation concentration were negatively correlated with Hb, although insignificant, in male subjects (rd = -0.018, pd = 0.476, ri = -0.054, pi = 0.427). However, dermal intake was found to have a significant negative correlation to Hb in female subjects (r = -0.5, p = 0.024) while inhalation concentration have a insignificant negative correlation (r = -0.046, p = 0.433). A significant negative correlation was found for the relationship between Hb and u-ALA (rL = -0.519, pL = 0.029, rP = -0.531, pP = 0.017) in both male and female subject groups. The results of the correlation analysis showed that blood Hb and urinary ALA concentration can be used as biomarkers of the effects of lead exposure, although they are not sensitive to low levels of lead exposure. Risk management are recommended for batik industry managers, taking into account the assumptions used, uncertainty in risk analysis, and possibly the additional risk/effects of other toxicant outside the scope of this study. Risk management includes considering natural dyes, reviewing working hours, using PPE, improving nutrition, and working space conditions.