SIMULATION MODEL OF INTERACTION BETWEEN ACTORS IN COCOA BEAN DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORTATION

• Main Author: Novirani, Dwi
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Transportasi ; transportasi darat
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/79469
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Indonesian cocoa has a comparative advantage in cocoa beans, cocoa paste, cocoa butter and cocoa powder in international trade. However, it is still unable to compete with other exporting countries such as (Malaysia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Ivory Coast) in the market for cocoa beans and processed products. Agro-industrial supply chains will involve a series of supply activities in planting, processing, inventory, and delivery to customers, which makes supply chain management one of the backbones of success. Transportation in distribution is one of the supply chain drivers which plays an important role in the process of flowing goods in a supply chain, with plantations being far apart making distribution transportation costs high. The costs incurred for the transportation process reach 50.8% of the total costs of a supply chain. Transportation needs to be managed to minimize distribution transportation costs in the agro-industrial supply chain system. Cocoa plantations in Indonesia are dominated by community plantations at 97.29%, then private plantations at 1.37% and state plantations at 1.34%. The purpose of the study is to develop a simulation model of interaction between actors in the transportation of cocoa bean distribution with travel time and minimal transportation costs to meet demand in the cocoa agro-industry. A micro approach can yield more thorough results that can serve as a guide for formulating more specific and quantifiable rules. A qualitative and quantitative approach is employed in the study methodology for cocoa bean distribution and transportation, with a research flow that goes through the preliminary stages of research and develops the Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) model. Anylogic software was used to generate the statechart diagram model and the transportation model for the distribution of cocoa beans from a computer-based application program. The development of the ABM model goes through nine processes, namely: 1. Identify the supply chain by looking at the cocoa agro-industry supply chain system in Indonesia with a case study in Batang Regency, Central Java. 2. Determining the model output and model input variables. The model output in this research is the time and distance of distribution transportation, the growth of the cocoa agro-industry in Batang Regency, Central Java, which is characterized by fulfilling demand, by looking at the overall value chain and the profits of each actor. 3. Actor identification is the stage of determining the actors involved and relevant in the cocoa agroindustry system. At the actor identification stage, actors will be seen who are generally involved in accordance with the existing condition scenario, namely five actors related to one flow of distribution transportation scenario, such as farmers, village and sub-district collectors, wholesalers, and intermediary factories, but this does not rule out the possibility of additions or reduction of actors in other scenario lines. 4. Identify actor attributes and behavior/activities, obtained from interviews and viewing actor activities. The main key in ABM is identifying actor attributes and behavior. Each actor in the cocoa agro-industry supply chain has different attributes and behavior. Attributes are characteristics possessed by each actor and actor behavior is the activities carried out by actors in general. The behavior of each actor can interact with each other and can influence or be influenced by other actors. 5. Identify collaborative interactions between actors that are useful for solving coordination problems along the cocoa supply chain. Collaboration between heterogeneous stakeholders is very important to collectively achieve competitive advantage for better environmental, business and societal outcomes. The key factors that shape the characteristics and performance of collaboration, namely actor activity interaction collaboration factors, must first be identified, which can help supply chain stakeholders to examine and manage the collaboration system for improvement, using SEM-PLS and Fuzzy AHP. 6. Identification of transportation and distribution is carried out by identifying transportation and distribution costs by paying attention to the stages carried out to get a real system picture of the current cocoa bean distribution system, namely by: a. Looking at the information flow system that occurs, looking at the relationship system and distribution activities and looking at the distribution flow process system, b. Describe the system and characteristics of the cocoa bean distribution system, intended to explain matters related to the distribution process and structure, the objectives of the distribution process and the relationships in the distribution system, characteristics of the distribution system and the actors involved. c. Calculating cost components based on mathematical model illustrations for minimizing transportation costs and time from concept images of distribution transportation networks and their travel routes. 7. Identify the overall activities/behavior of each actor. Identification of the activities/behavior of each actor is carried out to determine the movement of activities carried out which is useful for calculating transportation costs. 8. Designing a conceptual model of interaction between actors. The conceptual model design is designed to provide a simple description of the complexity of the situation that occurs. The methodology designed in designing this model is to look at the conditions in the field in the form of a study of the object under study and then put it in the form of a diagram or picture that shows the location and distribution network as well as the relationships and linkages between actors starting from farmer actors to intermediary factories. 9. Simulation design. Actor-based simulation is used to capture actions and decision making carried out by actors at the individual level, which cannot be captured in system dynamics simulations, with steps starting from selecting the actors to be included in the model, followed by determining their respective behavior. each actor into the model, ending with the supply step to the Product Processing Unit and to the cocoa intermediary factory. There are six distribution transportation scenarios studied, namely scenario zero (existing), scenario 1 (optimal existing), scenario 2 (1st proposal), scenario 3 (2nd proposal) and scenario 4 (3rd proposal) and scenario 5 (experimental proposal). ). The scenarios with optimal capacity, namely scenarios 1 to 4, were chosen as the most efficient and then scenario 5 was created using Agent-based Modeling to produce emergent trust that could streamline the supply chain according to the desired output, which is expected to be used as a basis for policy decision making. Research This doctoral research topic has been successful in both theoretical and practical exploration perspectives. From a theoretical perspective, the novelty in this research is that a research methodology simulation test was carried out using ABM as a vehicle for testing classical methodology which generally has the nature of movement chain optimization with the main parameters being travel time efficiency and transportation costs. This theoretical novelty is interesting because it succeeded in exploring a new sequential process in modeling and analyzing the pattern and performance of the cocoa product transportation chain through a bottom-up approach, namely by starting from mapping the behavior of each agent/actor involved in the production and transportation process of cocoa products from farmers, village level collecting traders, sub-district level collecting traders, wholesalers, to intermediary factories, both in existing conditions and through the development of several scenarios. This research has succeeded in developing a simulation model of interaction between actors in cocoa bean distribution transportation with minimal travel time and transportation costs to fulfill quality demand in the cocoa agro-industry.The output of this research is a simulation model of interaction between actors in cocoa bean distribution transportation which has the ability to show the relationship between system components in more detail (micro level) and can be an input in formulating performance (output) at the macro level in the cocoa supply chain in fulfilling demand of the domestic needs of the cocoa industry, taking into account the quality of cocoa beans, travel time and shipping costs as well as the profits of each actor.