#TITLE_ALTERNATIVE#

• Main Author: Siswono, Hadi
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/7996
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Abstract : <br /> <br /> <br /> Apium graveolens Linn. which is known as celery is extensively cultivated in Indonesia and has been used for a long time by the people, as food seasoning. Besides, the plant is also used as traditional drug against hypertension by eating fresh leaves of Apium graveolens Linn. or by drinking the decoction of the entire plant. In Indonesia, especially on Java, the most extensively cultivated variety is Apium graveolens Linn. var. secalinum Alef or leaf celery. <br /> <br /> <br /> The chemical components that have been isolated from Apium graveolens Linn. are, among others, phenolic sub-stances such as myristicic acid, sugar alcohol such as mannitol, coumarins such as umbelliferone, psoralen and its derivatives, flavonoids such as luteolin and minerals such as potassium nitrate. <br /> <br /> <br /> The studies of leaf celery, especially that were cultivated on Java, as far as found in the literature, was only about its action of lowering the blood pressure of experimental animals. <br /> <br /> <br /> Limpinuntana et al. investigated the decoction of the fresh whole plant of leaf celery with a concentration of 250 gram per 100 ml by administering intravenously the decoction which was equivalent to 0.250-32 gram of fresh material per kg of body weight to a rabbit. The decoction lowered the blood pressure of the rabbit. In addition, cold water extracts of celery plant with a concentration of 0.500 gram per ml of extracts, at the level of 0.125 gram, 0.250 gram and 0.500 gram per individual experimental animal, administered intravenously, lowered the blood pressure of normal dogs. <br /> <br /> <br /> The presence of components in celery plants which possess blood pressure lowering properties on experimental animals and existing studies of leaf celery which was only concerning its action of lowering the blood pressure in experimental animals, motivated to investigate the plant. The purpose of this dissertation is to isolate and identify the chemical components of three and nine month old leaf celery. <br /> <br /> <br /> The chemical components of the three month old leaf celery were isolated by continuous liquid-solid extraction method with a Soxhlet apparatus using consecutively petroleum ether, chloroform, and 95% ethanol as solvents. <br /> <br /> <br /> The 95% ethanolic extract formed a precipitate at room temperature, which was filtered (KR-3). The filtrate obtained was concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator until a viscous extract was obtained and crystals had been separated (ET-3 and KR-3). <br /> <br /> <br /> Then the viscous extract (ET-3) was separated by vacuum liquid chromatography using silica gel G 60 and various mixtures of polar and non polar solvents, and AG-6 crystals obtained. <br /> <br /> <br /> The crystal obtained (KR-3) was recrystallized repeatedly from methanol and 95% ethanol:water mixture of 3:2, giving AG-2 and AG-1 crystals, while the crystal KR-3 was treated equally with methanol, resulting in AG-10 crystal. <br /> <br /> <br /> The isolated compounds were identified through chemical tests, determination of physical characteristics, including, infrared, ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. Four compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanolic extract. <br /> <br /> <br /> The first compound was potassium nitrate (3,14%) which was identified through its melting point, the potassium ion by flame emission spectroscopy compared with data from literature and the nitrate ion by diphenylamine test. <br /> <br /> <br /> Siswono et al. investigated the pharmacological diuretic effects of the isolated potassium nitrate using 0.150 gram and 0.300 gram per kg of body weight of male Wistar strain white rats and both showed sodiuretic effects. <br /> <br /> <br /> The second compound was mannitol (0,47%) which was identified through comparison of the melting point, infra-red, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra of the acetyl derivative with those of the authentic mannitol hexaacetate. <br /> <br /> <br /> Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic and is useful mainly as a diagnostic agent for kidney function test. In addition, mannitol has been used to reduce intraocular pressure prior to eye surgery in glaucoma. <br /> <br /> <br /> The third compound was apigenin-7-0-glucoside (0,016%) which was identified through the comparison of its infra-red and the ultraviolet spectra, with those of the authentic apigenin-7-0-glucoside. In addition, the mass spectrum of aglycon was compared with that of authentic apigenin. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of apigenin-7-0-glucoside was compared with the published data from literature and the glycon was identified by paper chromatography through the comparison of its Rf value and the color of the spot with those of authentic glucose. <br /> <br /> <br /> Literature search showed that apigenin administered intravenously at the level of 10 mg per kg of body weight of the experimental animals, lowered the blood pressure by 50 mm Hg in dogs and rabbits. Apigenin-7-0-glucoside could lower the blood pressure of hypertensive patients by oral administration, since it will be hydrolyzed into apigenin and glucose in the digestive tract. <br /> <br /> <br /> The fourth compound was 7,7-di-0-methylamentoflavone (0,014%) which was identified through its infrared and ultraviolet spectra and comparison of its proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum with those of the authentic amentoflavone. <br /> <br /> <br /> The biflavonoid compounds are not homogenously distributed among the plant world. Twenty two plant families which belong to Spermatophyte, two orders in Pteridophyte and one order in Bryophyte, contain biflavonoid compound. <br /> <br /> <br /> Literature search showed that the presence of biflavonoids in the Apiaceae family has not yet been published. Hence the discovery of 7,7 -di-0-methylamentoflavone in Apium graveolens Linn. var. secalinum Alef is the first case about the presence of abiflavonoid compound in the Apiaceae family, a compound which has been found previously in Araucaria excelsa which belongs to Araucariaceae. <br /> <br /> <br /> However, from the 95% ethanolic extract of the nine month old leaf celery, using similar isolation method, only three compounds could be isolated. <br /> <br /> <br /> The first compound was potassium nitrate (0.28%) which was isolated from the roots, stems and leaves in various amounts. <br /> <br /> <br /> The second compound was mannitol (0.046%) which was isolated from the roots, stems and leaves in various amounts. <br /> <br /> <br /> The third compound was apigenin-7-0-glucoside (0.031%) which was isolated from the roots, stems and leaves in various amounts. <br /> <br /> <br /> In the three month old leaf celery, 7,7 -di-0-methylamentoflavone was isolated in the amount of 0.014%, where as in the nine month old plants, none of that compound could be detected. <br /> <br /> <br /> Among the compounds found in 95% ethanolic extract of leaf celery plant, it was suggested that apigenin-7-0-g1ucoside to play a role in the lowering of the blood pressure of experimental animals. <br /> <br /> <br /> It is expected that the results of this research could provide the opportunity to study the pharmacological and toxicological effects and mechanism of action of apigenin-7-0-glucoside, which could support the more rational use of traditional medicinal plants in Indonesia. <br />