REFORMULATING FOOD SECURITY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA WITH SYSTEMS THINKING AND SERVICE SCIENCE

• Main Author: Hasyimi, Valid
• Format: Dissertations
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/86920
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Indonesia has made progress in developing food security. However, several long- term challenges persist. Indonesia struggles to achieve food security due to several factors, such as slow growth in food production, high food loss and waste, price inflation, limited access to nutritious food due to poverty and high prices, and concerns about farmer welfare and sustainability. The complexity of food security has grown due to multifaceted interconnections among various actors and factors, making it categorized as a wicked problem, meaning a problem that is unstructured, difficult to define, multi-perspective, dynamic, and continuously evolving. All this time, food security has been developed dominantly with hard systems approach. This approach has succeeded in increasing production, but when faced with social, economic, and political issues, the hard system approach has its limits, so that higher order level thinking is needed. This research aims to address the strategic issue of the food system using systems thinking and formalized strategy to propose value co-creation among stakeholders to pursue sustainable food security in Indonesia. The methodology used in this research is adopted from the theory of systems thinking and service science. The research started with the inquiry to understand the whole food system complexity by synthesizing the big picture, analyzing the root problems, and inquiring about the ideal condition of sustainable food security. The proposed main issues are discussed with the stakeholders by using in-depth interviews. During the in-depth interview, the author wants to obtain stakeholders' perceptions about their role, interaction with other stakeholders, and expectation/purpose to promote the ideal condition of the current food system (purposeful). Next, the process is continued with stakeholders' mapping under the service science approach to generate stakeholders' roles and interaction and value identification. With the assistance of social network analysis and systems dynamic, this process produces alternative roles in each stage of food security development. Also, the analysis highlights the roles of each stakeholder considering each cluster they are involved in. This research manages the complexity of food security using the System of Systems Methodology (SOSM) to assist decision-makers in choosing a system approach relevant to certain issue. Using SOSM, all addressed issues are presented and categorized into specific types of complexity considering the nature of its structure and stakeholders' relationship. In Indonesia, food security policies are managed by several ministries and agencies, each with different objectives. It hinders integration in planning and implementation due to ego-sectoral work culture and overlapping institutional roles, which also lead to resource inefficiencies. If these challenges can be eliminated, the government can achieve the goals of value co-creation of food security in Indonesia. Value co-creation refers to creating an efficient and sustainable food supply chain, maintaining price fairness and stability, ensuring adequate food dietary and nutrition balance, integrating national data, and institutional support. The research also suggests that the orchestrator should actively engage each stakeholder in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. Analysis using a value co-creation platform reveals the need for an additional role, a sub- orchestrator, to handle tasks within each dimension of food security, ensuring goal achievement. Moreover, we introduce new roles in food security: regulator, operator, dominator, niche player, and enabler, and identify Bapanas as the main orchestrator with the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade, and Regional & Local Food Security Agency as sub-orchestrators to reach all stakeholders in the service ecosystem. This process leads to model affirmation to construct a causal loop diagram using system dynamic simulation. According to the Business-as-Usual scenario, the result shows a lower value co-creation score compared to the baseline, while the empowerment priority strategy can achieve the highest score, followed by strategies that focus on high and medium strategies. Nevertheless, if the orchestrator only prioritizes involvement and curation with minimal emphasis on empowerment, it will lead to even lower scores compared to BaU. To conclude, as the primary orchestrator, Bapanas coordinates various stakeholders from ministries to local levels. To enhance this coordination, elevating Bapanas from a ministry-equivalent agency to the status of a Coordinating Ministry would enable more effective cross-sectoral and multi-ministry collaboration, which is essential for prioritizing food security in Indonesia.