DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELING OF COENAGRIONIDAE KIRBY, 1890 (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA) IN MOUNT CIREMAI NATIONAL PARK

• Main Author: Faza Novalia Irsa, Alfi
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/87238
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Coenagrionidae is the most speciose family of damselflies (Zygoptera), representing about 73% of superfamily Coenagrionidea worldwide. Members of this family are commonly found in various freshwater environments. Its small size and weak flying capability make Coenagrionidae highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Mount Ciremai National Park (TNGC) has many water sources, making it a potential habitat for Coenagrionidae dragonflies. This research aims to study the distribution of Coenagrionidae and its habitat characteristics, as well as to identify environmental variables that affect the suitability of Coenagrionidae habitat in TNGC. The research was conducted during 2024, with field data collections were conducted from January to April 2024 in twelve purposively determined locations within TNGC. Data collected in the field included dragonfly encounter coordinates and habitat conditions in the form of microclimates (such as air temperature, air humidity, light intensity) and water physicochemical properties (such as depth, current, water temperature, and pH). We also used secondary data in the form of environmental variables, such as: land cover, distance from settlements, distance from water sources, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), altitude, and slope. Individual presence data were analyzed statistically and spatially, habita characteristics were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and habitat suitability was analyzed with Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. The results showed 37 Coenagrionidae encounter points, covering seven identified species from 201 individuals. Although it is most abundant in open lentic waters, Coenagrionidae in TNGC is generally distributed in clusters (with clumped patterns) around three types of freshwater habitats: (1) springs (shallow, slow currents, and shaded by vegetation); (2) rivers (shallow, with moderate currents, not shaded); and (3) lentic water body (shallow and not shaded). All three habitats shared similar characteristics with elevation <1300 m.asl, shady to very bright light intensity, high relative humidity, relatively warm air temperature, and water temperature, and water pH tends to be neutral. The Species Distribution Modeling produces an Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.980, indicating the model is accurate. Based on the modeling, we found that 91.54 ha or about 0.66% of the area of TNGC is potential as Coenagrionidae habitats, which are heavily influenced by the three most contributing variables in the modeling, which are: (1) distance from water sources; (2) distance from settlements; and (3) land cover.