EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE MAINSTREAMING IN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMING AND BUDGETING OF SEMARANG CITY

• Main Author: Wahyu Nur Pratama, Ferdianta
• Format: Theses
• Language: Indonesia
• Subjects: Geologi, hidrologi & meteorologi
• Online Access: https://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl/view/87529
• Institution: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Climate change has triggered an increase the frequency of disasters, significantly impacting global, national, sub-national, and community-level economic development. It has also influenced current and future land-use patterns, including rapid urban development, which exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions and intensifies climate-related challenges. Climate change adaptation has emerged as a critical policy imperative, with governments playing a central role in its implementation. As a relatively new policy domain, Indonesia's National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) formulated the National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) in 2014. This plan integrates adaptation measures to achieve sustainable and climate-resilient national development. This paper aims to assess the extent of adaptation efforts undertaken at the local level by regional governments. This study focuses on the Semarang City Government, examining efforts to mainstream climate change into various development and spatial planning documents. A qualitative approach is employed to provide an overview of climate change mainstreaming concepts. The qualitative approach also includes quantifying data related to several variables and indicators associated with climate change mainstreaming. Using content analysis, the study identifies climate change mainstreaming efforts in development and spatial planning documents based on a set of indicators established as a framework for evaluating climate policy integration. The assessment of the level of climate change mainstreaming involves assigning scores to indicators based on their degree of inclusion, followed by calculations and statistical descriptions. Depth score and breadth score analyses are utilized to measure the extent of climate change mainstreaming. This study analyzes seven key planning documents to evaluate the integration of climate change considerations. Based on the analysis of breadth and depth scores for the awareness variable, the average scores are 38.1% and 51.02%, respectively. These low scores indicate that the government's efforts are not concrete and tend to neglect climate change adaptation issues. For the analysis variable, the breadth and depth scores average 33.73% and 40.48%, reflecting a lack of studies conducted on climate issues. This shortfall suggests that futurevi policies will likely inadequately address climate adaptation issues and actions. In contrast, the action variable shows relatively higher breadth and depth scores of 58.61% and 73.63%, indicating some developmental programs geared toward climate change adaptation. Beyond assessing mainstreaming levels, this study also evaluates the implementation of these programs. The Semarang City Government allocated an average budget of IDR 327 billion over the past five years. By 2022– 2023, 74% of planned initiatives had met their targets, an improvement from the 2019–2021 period, which saw a program completion rate of only 59%. This study also compares the budget allocations of the Semarang City Government with those of other cities along the northern coast of Java, namely Surabaya, Tegal, Pekalongan, and Cirebon. While Semarang ranks second in nominal budget allocation after Surabaya, its relative performance diminishes when evaluated based on the proportion of the budget to GDP, total regional expenditure, and per capita allocation. Surabaya's budget allocation ranks third or fourth among the five cities, only outperforming Cirebon. This situation is further exacerbated when compared to the climate adaptation budget standards issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In terms of per capita spending and budget proportion to GDP, Semarang's allocation remains significantly below the AsiaPacific average. These findings provide insights into the performance of climate adaptation actions undertaken by the Semarang City Government and other local governments. The results of this study can serve as valuable input for national and regional governments in mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development and spatial planning. Such integration not only fosters regional growth but also advances national and global targets for mitigating climate change risks