Climate change and coastal defense in Malaysia: A review

• Main Authors: Ramli, Muhammad Zahir, Ramzi, Muhammad Adil, Safwan, Muhamad Syafiq, Isa, Nur Adawiyah, Ahmad, Minhalina, Samsu Bahari, Nur Azierah, Yunus, Kamaruzzaman
• Format: Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: Noor Publishing 2020
• Subjects: GB Physical geography; GC Oceanography; GE Environmental Sciences; V Naval Science (General)
• Online Access: http://irep.iium.edu.my/86581/1/IREP%20Bioprospect%20Book%20-2020.pdf; http://irep.iium.edu.my/86581/
• Institution: Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia

Coastal zones around the world are facing increased numbers of populations through rapid development and expansion for residential, industry and tourism areas. There are approximately 50% of the global population that inhabit coastal areas. With the current climate change, coastal zones are exposed to sea level rise and flooding which could bring catastrophe to low-lying regions. Many countries have developed mitigation and adaptation plans where most of the approaches involve in the alteration of natural coastline through the construction of coastal defenses. There are many key strategies in the implementation of coastal defense with the aim to reduce or minimize the impact towards the shoreline. This review provides insight on different approaches of coastal defenses in Malaysia, specifically focusing on erosion or flooding, morphological conditions, and land use. This article also highlights the improvement needed to withstand the impact of sea level rise. This review will benefit researchers who would like to explore the key parameter in structure design of coastal defense