Ecological modernization: In Malaysia: A review of Pakatan Harapan's manifesto manifesto during the 14th general election within the context of ecological modernization framework

• Main Authors: Abd Razak, Noor Asyhikin, Tajuddin, Nor Azlin
• Format: Article
• Language: English; English; English
• Published: IIUM Journal Publication Unit 2020
• Subjects: JQ715 Politics and Government in Malaysia
• Online Access: http://irep.iium.edu.my/87975/1/87975_Ecological%20Modernization_in%20Malaysia.pdf; http://irep.iium.edu.my/87975/2/87975_Ecological%20Modernization_in%20Malaysia%20SCOPUS.pdf; http://irep.iium.edu.my/87975/3/87975_Ecological%20Modernization_in%20Malaysia%20WOS.pdf; http://irep.iium.edu.my/87975/; https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/1574/920
• Institution: Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia

Ecological Modernization theory emerged during the 1980s in response to other environmental sociology theories that mostly denunciate industrialization and modernization as culprits of environmental degradation. The basic view of Ecological Modernization is to find a balance between development of society and nation as well as environmental protection. Some scholars believe that this is the best module to develop a country, while others criticize it as a pro-capitalist concept. As Malaysia is now pushing its status towards becoming a developed and high-income nation, people’s wellbeing as well as environmental protection needs to be highly considered. Taking Ecological Modernization as fresh perspective to view the country’s development plan, this paper aims to understand whether the essence of Ecological Modernization was embedded in Pakatan Harapan’s political manifesto during the 14th general election. As political manifesto serves as initial policy making guidelines, it is imperative to understand the Pakatan Harapan future plans for the country.