Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation

Introduction: Water fluoridation (WF) was ceased in the state of Pahang, Malaysia, in July 2012. Any changes in fluoride exposure during childhood can influence the development of fluorosis. Thus, this study aimed to compare the prevalence of fluorosis between WF-ceased and WF-continued areas in Mal...

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Main Authors: Karim, F.A., Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi, Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida
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Published: 2021
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Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/35914/
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spelling my.um.eprints.359142023-12-01T12:51:54Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/35914/ Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation Karim, F.A. Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida R Medicine (General) RK Dentistry Oral surger Introduction: Water fluoridation (WF) was ceased in the state of Pahang, Malaysia, in July 2012. Any changes in fluoride exposure during childhood can influence the development of fluorosis. Thus, this study aimed to compare the prevalence of fluorosis between WF-ceased and WF-continued areas in Malaysia, and its associated factors among 7 and 12-year-old children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children in WF-ceased and WF areas (n=1211). The 12-year-olds in WF-ceased areas were exposed to WF between 4.5 to 6.5 years before cessation, and it was hypothesised they would have similar fluorosis prevalence as their counterparts who lived in WF areas. The 7-year olds were born during the cessation period. Examination of fluorosis was performed by a calibrated dentist using Dean's criteria and a parental questionnaire was utilised to collect information about demographics and exposure to fluoride. Results: Fluorosis prevalence (Dean's≥2) was significantly lower among children in WF-ceased areas than WF areas (p< 0.001). Intra-area comparison indicated that the 12-year olds have higher prevalence of fluorosis than the 7-year-olds, except for anterior fluorosis scores among those in WF areas. The majority of fluorosis cases were very mild in both areas. Simple logistic regression indicated that duration of exposure to WF, age, mother's income and education, age started toothbrushing with toothpaste, and frequency of toothbrushing were associated with fluorosis. Conclusions: Fluorosis prevalence decreased following water fluoridation cessation. The null hypothesis that 12-year-olds in both areas would have similar prevalence of fluorosis was rejected. Several factors were associated with fluorosis. © 2021 UPM Press. All rights reserved. 2021 Article PeerReviewed Karim, F.A. and Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi and Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida (2021) Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 17 (1). pp. 68-76. ISSN 1675-8544, https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100090961&partnerID=40&md5=b688ec743c397b529f733903d4eb2b31
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic R Medicine (General)
RK Dentistry
Oral surger
spellingShingle R Medicine (General)
RK Dentistry
Oral surger
Karim, F.A.
Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi
Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida
Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
description Introduction: Water fluoridation (WF) was ceased in the state of Pahang, Malaysia, in July 2012. Any changes in fluoride exposure during childhood can influence the development of fluorosis. Thus, this study aimed to compare the prevalence of fluorosis between WF-ceased and WF-continued areas in Malaysia, and its associated factors among 7 and 12-year-old children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children in WF-ceased and WF areas (n=1211). The 12-year-olds in WF-ceased areas were exposed to WF between 4.5 to 6.5 years before cessation, and it was hypothesised they would have similar fluorosis prevalence as their counterparts who lived in WF areas. The 7-year olds were born during the cessation period. Examination of fluorosis was performed by a calibrated dentist using Dean's criteria and a parental questionnaire was utilised to collect information about demographics and exposure to fluoride. Results: Fluorosis prevalence (Dean's≥2) was significantly lower among children in WF-ceased areas than WF areas (p< 0.001). Intra-area comparison indicated that the 12-year olds have higher prevalence of fluorosis than the 7-year-olds, except for anterior fluorosis scores among those in WF areas. The majority of fluorosis cases were very mild in both areas. Simple logistic regression indicated that duration of exposure to WF, age, mother's income and education, age started toothbrushing with toothpaste, and frequency of toothbrushing were associated with fluorosis. Conclusions: Fluorosis prevalence decreased following water fluoridation cessation. The null hypothesis that 12-year-olds in both areas would have similar prevalence of fluorosis was rejected. Several factors were associated with fluorosis. © 2021 UPM Press. All rights reserved.
format Article
author Karim, F.A.
Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi
Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida
author_facet Karim, F.A.
Mohd Yusof, Zamros Yuzadi
Mohd Nor, Nor Azlida
author_sort Karim, F.A.
title Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
title_short Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
title_full Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
title_fullStr Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
title_full_unstemmed Prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
title_sort prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors after cessation of water fluoridation
publishDate 2021
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/35914/
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100090961&partnerID=40&md5=b688ec743c397b529f733903d4eb2b31
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