Contact micropredation may play a more important role than exotoxicity does in the lethal effects of Karlodinium australe blooms: Evidence from laboratory bioassays

• Main Authors: Song, Xiaoying, Hu, Zhangxi, Shang, Lixia, Leaw, Chui Pin, Lim, Po Teen, Tang, Ying Zhong
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier 2020
• Subjects: GC Oceanography; GE Environmental Sciences
• Online Access: http://eprints.um.edu.my/36316/
• Institution: Universiti Malaya

Multiple dinoflagellate species from the genus Karlodinium have been well known to form massive and toxic blooms that consequently cause fish kills in many coastal waters around the world. Karlodinium australe is a mixotrophic and potentially ichthyotoxic species associated with fish kills. Here, we...