Synthesis of biodiesel from <i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L. oil using TiO₂ nanoparticles as a catalyst

• Main Authors: Jan, Hammad Ahmad, Saqib, Najm Us, Khusro, Ameer, Sahibzada, Muhammad Umar Khayam, Rauf, Mamoona, Alghamdi, Saad, Almehmadi, Mazen, Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin, Bin Emran, Talha, Mohafez, Hamidreza
• Format: Article
• Published: ELSEVIER 2022
• Subjects: TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
• Online Access: http://eprints.um.edu.my/46249/; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102317
• Institution: Universiti Malaya

Objectives: The present study aimed to synthesize Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and assess its catalytic role in the synthesis of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. (a non-edible plant source). Methods: The precipitation approach was used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles, and the process was verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized biodiesel was analyzed qualitatively through NMR, GC-MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Result: XRD result showed that the crystal structure of TiO2 nanoparticles was a biphasic mixture of rutile and anatase phases. SEM analysis revealed that the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles had size from 42 nm to 58 nm and a surface area of 21-27 m(2)/g. The oil content in the feedstock was 43.9 % with free fatty acids contents of 0.37 mg KOH/g. The suitable condition for optimum yield (95 %) of biodiesel was 1:10 of oil to methanol using 25 g of catalyst at a temperature of 65 degrees C for 80-120 min of reaction time. Results obtained through 1H NMR for methoxy proton at 3.661 ppm, an alpha-methylene proton in triplet from 2.015 to 2.788 ppm, terminal methyl protons at 0.885 to 0.910 ppm, and beta-carbonyl methylene protons from 1.253 to 1.641 ppm confirmed the synthesis of biodiesel. Similarly, the peaks obtained through FT-IR spectroscopy for methoxycarbonyl at 1740.6 cm (-1) and ether at 1012.6 cm (-1) are the evidence for the validation of transesterification reaction. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed peaks for 17 different types of fatty acid methyl esters. Conclusion: The chemical and physical properties of C. tinctorius showed that the oil of C. tinctorius could be a potential non-edible feedstock for the biodiesel industries. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.