Prediction of CO2 emission for the central European countries through five metaheuristic optimization techniques helping multilayer perceptron

• Main Authors: Moayedi H., Mukhtar A., Alshammari S., Boujelbene M., Elbadawi I., Thi Q.T., Mirzaei M.
• Other Authors: 55923628500
• Format: Article
• Published: Taylor and Francis Ltd. 2025
• Institution: Universiti Tenaga Nasional

One of the most significant issues in urban design is energy-related CO2 emissions, which are rising quickly as cities expand. The GDP of the Central European countries (from 1990 to 2016) based on several energy sources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and renewable energy, are used as inputs in th...