Authentication of counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian banknotes using fuzzy graph method

• Main Authors: Hassan, Nurfarhana, Ahmad, Tahir, Mahat, Naji Arafat, Maarof, Hasmerya, Abdullahi, Mujahid, Ajid, Nur Farah Dina, Jasmi, Zarith Sofia, How, Foo Keat
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI 2023
• Subjects: QA Mathematics
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/105662/1/TahirAhmad2023_AuthenticationofCounterfeitHundredRinggit.pdf; http://eprints.utm.my/105662/; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11041002
• Institution: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

A banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for differentiating genuine and counterfeit banknotes. However, the FTIR spectra of banknotes may require further pattern recognition analysis due to their high similarities. In this paper, a fuzzy graph-based algorithm for authentication of the FTIR spectrum, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS), is used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian (RM100) banknotes. The results show that the genuine and counterfeit RM100 banknotes have slightly distinct patterns when analyzed using c-FACS. In addition, the results are compared with RM50 banknotes, and the results reveal that the nodes or dominant axis varies between the two banknotes. To verify the reliability of the results, the results obtained via c-FACS are compared with principal component analysis (PCA). The c-FACS showed better performances as compared to PCA in terms of time consumption and observation. Thus, the c-FACS has the ability to assist forensic investigations involving banknote counterfeiting crimes.