Multidigraph autocatalytic set for modelling complex systems

• Main Authors: Kasmin, Nor Kamariah, Ahmad, Tahir, Idris, Amidora, Awang, Siti Rahmah, Abdullahi, Mujahid
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI 2023
• Subjects: QA Mathematics
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/105663/1/TahirAhmad2023_MultidigraphAutocatalyticSetforModelling.pdf; http://eprints.utm.my/105663/; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11040912
• Institution: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

The motion of solid objects or even fluids can be described using mathematics. Wind movements, turbulence in the oceans, migration of birds, pandemic of diseases and all other phenomena or systems can be understood using mathematics, i.e., mathematical modelling. Some of the most common techniques used for mathematical modelling are Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), Partial Differential Equation (PDE), Statistical Methods and Neural Network (NN). However, most of them require substantial amounts of data or an initial governing equation. Furthermore, if a system increases its complexity, namely, if the number and relation between its components increase, then the amount of data required and governing equations increase too. A graph is another well-established concept that is widely used in numerous applications in modelling some phenomena. It seldom requires data and closed form of relations. The advancement in the theory has led to the development of a new concept called autocatalytic set (ACS). In this paper, a new form of ACS, namely, multidigraph autocatalytic set (MACS) is introduced. It offers the freedom to model multi relations between components of a system once needed. The concept has produced some results in the form of theorems and in particular, its relation to the Perron–Frobenius theorem. The MACS Graph Algorithm (MACSGA) is then coded for dynamic modelling purposes. Finally, the MACSGA is implemented on the vector borne disease network system to exhibit MACS’s effectiveness and reliability. It successfully identified the two districts that were the main sources of the outbreak based on their reproduction number, R0.