Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment

This study determined the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in unregistered face whitening creams that are commonly accessible in Johor Bahru (Johor, Malaysia) local markets. Three separate brands (marked as Brand X, Brand Y and Brand Z) of unregistered face wh...

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Main Authors: Selvaraju, Anusia, Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha, Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani
Format: Article
Published: Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences 2020
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Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93918/
https://mjas.analis.com.my/mjas/v24_n5/html/24_5_5a.html
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Institution: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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spelling my.utm.939182022-02-28T13:17:53Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93918/ Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment Selvaraju, Anusia Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani QD Chemistry This study determined the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in unregistered face whitening creams that are commonly accessible in Johor Bahru (Johor, Malaysia) local markets. Three separate brands (marked as Brand X, Brand Y and Brand Z) of unregistered face whitening creams were chosen. Each brand was purchased with five replicates. A total of 15 samples were purchased from five different locations. Microwave digestion process was used to digest the heavy metals out from the cream matrices, and later analysed by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method. Results showed slightly higher Hg concentrations in Brand X (6.5 ppm), whereas Pb concentration in the whitening creams were below the acceptable limit (ranged 0.1–0.4 ppm) as set by the Malaysia National Pharmaceutical Regulation Act (NPRA). Nevertheless, the Pb concentration exceeded the limit set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for daily use, which is 0.05 ppm. Besides, As and Cd were not detected significantly in all brands. Health risk assessment for all samples identified with heavy metals, in consideration of the excessive mercury concentration and based on HRI results, could not ignore the fact that Brand X holds possible harmful effects on human health, following its use. Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences 2020 Article PeerReviewed Selvaraju, Anusia and Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha and Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani (2020) Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 24 (5). pp. 670-681. ISSN 1394-2506 https://mjas.analis.com.my/mjas/v24_n5/html/24_5_5a.html
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
topic QD Chemistry
spellingShingle QD Chemistry
Selvaraju, Anusia
Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha
Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani
Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
description This study determined the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in unregistered face whitening creams that are commonly accessible in Johor Bahru (Johor, Malaysia) local markets. Three separate brands (marked as Brand X, Brand Y and Brand Z) of unregistered face whitening creams were chosen. Each brand was purchased with five replicates. A total of 15 samples were purchased from five different locations. Microwave digestion process was used to digest the heavy metals out from the cream matrices, and later analysed by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method. Results showed slightly higher Hg concentrations in Brand X (6.5 ppm), whereas Pb concentration in the whitening creams were below the acceptable limit (ranged 0.1–0.4 ppm) as set by the Malaysia National Pharmaceutical Regulation Act (NPRA). Nevertheless, the Pb concentration exceeded the limit set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for daily use, which is 0.05 ppm. Besides, As and Cd were not detected significantly in all brands. Health risk assessment for all samples identified with heavy metals, in consideration of the excessive mercury concentration and based on HRI results, could not ignore the fact that Brand X holds possible harmful effects on human health, following its use.
format Article
author Selvaraju, Anusia
Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha
Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani
author_facet Selvaraju, Anusia
Abdul Halim, Anis Nur Shasha
Abdul Keyon, Aemi Syazwani
author_sort Selvaraju, Anusia
title Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
title_short Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
title_full Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
title_fullStr Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
title_full_unstemmed Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
title_sort determination of selected heavy metal concentrations in unregistered face whitening creams sold in johor bahru, johor, malaysia by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and their health risk assessment
publisher Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences
publishDate 2020
url http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/93918/
https://mjas.analis.com.my/mjas/v24_n5/html/24_5_5a.html
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