Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production

Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic pol...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wong, Chung Yiin, Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan, Kiatkittipong, Worapon, Lim, Jun Wei, Lam, Man Kee, Wu, Ta Yeong, Show, Pau Loke, Daud, Hanita, Goh, Pei Sean, Sakuragi, Mina, Elfis, Elfis
Format: Article
Published: MDPI AG 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95198/
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020299
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Institution: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
id my.utm.95198
record_format eprints
spelling my.utm.951982022-04-29T22:25:01Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95198/ Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production Wong, Chung Yiin Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Worapon Lim, Jun Wei Lam, Man Kee Wu, Ta Yeong Show, Pau Loke Daud, Hanita Goh, Pei Sean Sakuragi, Mina Elfis, Elfis TP Chemical technology Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ-rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously. MDPI AG 2021 Article PeerReviewed Wong, Chung Yiin and Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan and Kiatkittipong, Worapon and Lim, Jun Wei and Lam, Man Kee and Wu, Ta Yeong and Show, Pau Loke and Daud, Hanita and Goh, Pei Sean and Sakuragi, Mina and Elfis, Elfis (2021) Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production. Processes, 9 (2). pp. 1-14. ISSN 2227-9717 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020299
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
topic TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle TP Chemical technology
Wong, Chung Yiin
Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
Kiatkittipong, Worapon
Lim, Jun Wei
Lam, Man Kee
Wu, Ta Yeong
Show, Pau Loke
Daud, Hanita
Goh, Pei Sean
Sakuragi, Mina
Elfis, Elfis
Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
description Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ-rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.
format Article
author Wong, Chung Yiin
Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
Kiatkittipong, Worapon
Lim, Jun Wei
Lam, Man Kee
Wu, Ta Yeong
Show, Pau Loke
Daud, Hanita
Goh, Pei Sean
Sakuragi, Mina
Elfis, Elfis
author_facet Wong, Chung Yiin
Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
Kiatkittipong, Worapon
Lim, Jun Wei
Lam, Man Kee
Wu, Ta Yeong
Show, Pau Loke
Daud, Hanita
Goh, Pei Sean
Sakuragi, Mina
Elfis, Elfis
author_sort Wong, Chung Yiin
title Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
title_short Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
title_full Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
title_fullStr Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
title_full_unstemmed Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
title_sort rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95198/
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020299
_version_ 1732945444067082240