The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis
Underemployment is a prevalent labor market issue around the globe. It reflects how an individual can be employed but is unable to work to their desired number of hours, receive sufficient wages, or fully utilize their skills, leaving them in precarious working conditions. Studies on underemployment...
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oai:animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph:res_aki-11862023-12-20T08:17:16Z The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis Arbole, John Ichiro de la Paz, Luisa Martina Gaston Genota, Therese Hernandez, Katrina Dacuycuy, Lawrence B. Rapada, Maria Zunally Yu, Krista Danielle Underemployment is a prevalent labor market issue around the globe. It reflects how an individual can be employed but is unable to work to their desired number of hours, receive sufficient wages, or fully utilize their skills, leaving them in precarious working conditions. Studies on underemployment and its gendered impact in the Philippines remains limited with most labor studies primarily addressing wage and unemployment. This study addresses this gap by identifying the factors contributing to underemployment and gender-based inequalities in the Philippines. Using quarterly data from the Labor Force Survey from 2012 to 2021, we distinguished between visible and invisible underemployment based on the number of hours worked per week. To analyze the determinants of these two forms of underemployment, we employed a probit model with Heckman’s two-step sample correction that considers workers' individual, organizational, and social characteristics. We then executed an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to estimate the visible and invisible underemployment gender gap and its component. We found that men have a higher probability of visible and invisible underemployment compared to women primarily because of endowments in education and occupational choice, although there is evidence men are rewarded more in the labor market than women. One policy recommendation is to improve upskilling, reskilling, and education programs for workers, especially for highly vulnerable demographics such as less-educated rural male workers. 2023-12-01T08:00:00Z text application/pdf https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/res_aki/179 https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/context/res_aki/article/1186/viewcontent/DLSU_AKI_Policy_Brief__2023_12_021.pdf Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies (AKI) Animo Repository Philippines employment labor market issues Labor Economics Public Economics |
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Philippines employment labor market issues Labor Economics Public Economics Arbole, John Ichiro de la Paz, Luisa Martina Gaston Genota, Therese Hernandez, Katrina Dacuycuy, Lawrence B. Rapada, Maria Zunally Yu, Krista Danielle The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
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Underemployment is a prevalent labor market issue around the globe. It reflects how an individual can be employed but is unable to work to their desired number of hours, receive sufficient wages, or fully utilize their skills, leaving them in precarious working conditions. Studies on underemployment and its gendered impact in the Philippines remains limited with most labor studies primarily addressing wage and unemployment. This study addresses this gap by identifying the factors contributing to underemployment and gender-based inequalities in the Philippines. Using quarterly data from the Labor Force Survey from 2012 to 2021, we distinguished between visible and invisible underemployment based on the number of hours worked per week. To analyze the determinants of these two forms of underemployment, we employed a probit model with Heckman’s two-step sample correction that considers workers' individual, organizational, and social characteristics. We then executed an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to estimate the visible and invisible underemployment gender gap and its component. We found that men have a higher probability of visible and invisible underemployment compared to women primarily because of endowments in education and occupational choice, although there is evidence men are rewarded more in the labor market than women. One policy recommendation is to improve upskilling, reskilling, and education programs for workers, especially for highly vulnerable demographics such as less-educated rural male workers. |
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Arbole, John Ichiro de la Paz, Luisa Martina Gaston Genota, Therese Hernandez, Katrina Dacuycuy, Lawrence B. Rapada, Maria Zunally Yu, Krista Danielle |
author_facet |
Arbole, John Ichiro de la Paz, Luisa Martina Gaston Genota, Therese Hernandez, Katrina Dacuycuy, Lawrence B. Rapada, Maria Zunally Yu, Krista Danielle |
author_sort |
Arbole, John Ichiro |
title |
The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
title_short |
The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
title_full |
The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
title_fullStr |
The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Determinants of the Underemployment Gender Gap in the Philippines: A Decomposition Analysis |
title_sort |
determinants of the underemployment gender gap in the philippines: a decomposition analysis |
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Animo Repository |
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2023 |
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https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/res_aki/179 https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/context/res_aki/article/1186/viewcontent/DLSU_AKI_Policy_Brief__2023_12_021.pdf |
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