Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines

Ultrafine soot particles (black carbon, BC) in urban environments are related to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects, increased cases of asthma and premature deaths. These problems are especially pronounced in developing megacities in South-East Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where unsu...

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Main Authors: Kecorius, Simonas, Madueño, Leizel, Vallar, Edgar, Alas, Honey, Betito, Grace, Birmili, Wolfram, Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L, Catipay, Grethyl, Gonzaga-Cayetano, Mylene, Galvez, Maria Cecilia, Lorenzo, Genie, Müller, Thomas, Simpas, James B, Tamayo, Everlyn Gale, Wiedensohler, Alfred
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Published: Archīum Ateneo 2017
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Online Access:https://archium.ateneo.edu/physics-faculty-pubs/41
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017306362
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spelling ph-ateneo-arc.physics-faculty-pubs-10402020-05-04T08:34:20Z Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines Kecorius, Simonas Madueño, Leizel Vallar, Edgar Alas, Honey Betito, Grace Birmili, Wolfram Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L Catipay, Grethyl Gonzaga-Cayetano, Mylene Galvez, Maria Cecilia Lorenzo, Genie Müller, Thomas Simpas, James B Tamayo, Everlyn Gale Wiedensohler, Alfred Ultrafine soot particles (black carbon, BC) in urban environments are related to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects, increased cases of asthma and premature deaths. These problems are especially pronounced in developing megacities in South-East Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where unsustainable urbanization ant outdated environmental protection legislation resulted in severe degradation of urban air quality in terms of black carbon emission. Since ultrafine soot particles do often not lead to enhanced PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, the risks related to ultrafine particle pollution may therefore be significantly underestimated compared to the contribution of secondary aerosol constituents. To increase the awareness of the potential toxicological relevant problems of ultrafine black carbon particles, we conducted a case study in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Here, we present a part of the results from a detailed field campaign, called Manila Aerosol Characterization Experiment (MACE, 2015). Measurements took place from May to June 2015 with the focus on the state of mixing of aerosol particles. The results were alarming, showing the abundance of externally mixed refractory particles (soot proxy) at street site with a maximum daily number concentration of approximately 15000 #/cm3. That is up to 10 times higher than in cities of Western countries. We also found that the soot particle mass contributed from 55 to 75% of total street site PM2.5. The retrieved refractory particle number size distribution appeared to be a superposition of 2 ultrafine modes at 20 and 80 nm with a corresponding contribution to the total refractory particle number of 45 and 55%, respectively. The particles in the 20 nm mode were most likely ash from metallic additives in lubricating oil, tiny carbonaceous particles and/or nucleated and oxidized organic polymers, while bigger ones (80 nm) were soot agglomerates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no other studies reported such high number concentration of ultrafine refractory particles under ambient conditions. Inverse modeling of emission factors of refractory particle number size distributions revealed that diesel-fed public utility Jeepneys, commonly used for public transportation, are responsible for 94% of total roadside emitted refractory particle mass. The observed results showed that the majority of urban pollution in Metro Manila is dominated by carbonaceous aerosol. This suggests that PM10 or PM2.5 metrics do not fully describe possible health related effects in this kind of urban environments. Extremely high concentrations of ultrafine particles have been and will continue to induce adverse health related effects, because of their potential toxicity. We imply that in megacities, where the major fraction of particulates originates from the transport sector, PM10 or PM2.5 mass concentration should be complemented by legislative measurements of equivalent black carbon mass concentration. 2017-01-01T08:00:00Z text https://archium.ateneo.edu/physics-faculty-pubs/41 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017306362 Physics Faculty Publications Archīum Ateneo Refractory particle size distribution Aerosol particle mixing state Emission factors of refractory particles Atmospheric Sciences
institution Ateneo De Manila University
building Ateneo De Manila University Library
continent Asia
country Philippines
Philippines
content_provider Ateneo De Manila University Library
collection archium.Ateneo Institutional Repository
topic Refractory particle size distribution
Aerosol particle mixing state
Emission factors of refractory particles
Atmospheric Sciences
spellingShingle Refractory particle size distribution
Aerosol particle mixing state
Emission factors of refractory particles
Atmospheric Sciences
Kecorius, Simonas
Madueño, Leizel
Vallar, Edgar
Alas, Honey
Betito, Grace
Birmili, Wolfram
Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L
Catipay, Grethyl
Gonzaga-Cayetano, Mylene
Galvez, Maria Cecilia
Lorenzo, Genie
Müller, Thomas
Simpas, James B
Tamayo, Everlyn Gale
Wiedensohler, Alfred
Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
description Ultrafine soot particles (black carbon, BC) in urban environments are related to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects, increased cases of asthma and premature deaths. These problems are especially pronounced in developing megacities in South-East Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where unsustainable urbanization ant outdated environmental protection legislation resulted in severe degradation of urban air quality in terms of black carbon emission. Since ultrafine soot particles do often not lead to enhanced PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, the risks related to ultrafine particle pollution may therefore be significantly underestimated compared to the contribution of secondary aerosol constituents. To increase the awareness of the potential toxicological relevant problems of ultrafine black carbon particles, we conducted a case study in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Here, we present a part of the results from a detailed field campaign, called Manila Aerosol Characterization Experiment (MACE, 2015). Measurements took place from May to June 2015 with the focus on the state of mixing of aerosol particles. The results were alarming, showing the abundance of externally mixed refractory particles (soot proxy) at street site with a maximum daily number concentration of approximately 15000 #/cm3. That is up to 10 times higher than in cities of Western countries. We also found that the soot particle mass contributed from 55 to 75% of total street site PM2.5. The retrieved refractory particle number size distribution appeared to be a superposition of 2 ultrafine modes at 20 and 80 nm with a corresponding contribution to the total refractory particle number of 45 and 55%, respectively. The particles in the 20 nm mode were most likely ash from metallic additives in lubricating oil, tiny carbonaceous particles and/or nucleated and oxidized organic polymers, while bigger ones (80 nm) were soot agglomerates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no other studies reported such high number concentration of ultrafine refractory particles under ambient conditions. Inverse modeling of emission factors of refractory particle number size distributions revealed that diesel-fed public utility Jeepneys, commonly used for public transportation, are responsible for 94% of total roadside emitted refractory particle mass. The observed results showed that the majority of urban pollution in Metro Manila is dominated by carbonaceous aerosol. This suggests that PM10 or PM2.5 metrics do not fully describe possible health related effects in this kind of urban environments. Extremely high concentrations of ultrafine particles have been and will continue to induce adverse health related effects, because of their potential toxicity. We imply that in megacities, where the major fraction of particulates originates from the transport sector, PM10 or PM2.5 mass concentration should be complemented by legislative measurements of equivalent black carbon mass concentration.
format text
author Kecorius, Simonas
Madueño, Leizel
Vallar, Edgar
Alas, Honey
Betito, Grace
Birmili, Wolfram
Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L
Catipay, Grethyl
Gonzaga-Cayetano, Mylene
Galvez, Maria Cecilia
Lorenzo, Genie
Müller, Thomas
Simpas, James B
Tamayo, Everlyn Gale
Wiedensohler, Alfred
author_facet Kecorius, Simonas
Madueño, Leizel
Vallar, Edgar
Alas, Honey
Betito, Grace
Birmili, Wolfram
Cambaliza, Maria Obiminda L
Catipay, Grethyl
Gonzaga-Cayetano, Mylene
Galvez, Maria Cecilia
Lorenzo, Genie
Müller, Thomas
Simpas, James B
Tamayo, Everlyn Gale
Wiedensohler, Alfred
author_sort Kecorius, Simonas
title Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
title_short Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
title_full Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
title_fullStr Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
title_full_unstemmed Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: Case study of Metro Manila, Philippines
title_sort aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment: case study of metro manila, philippines
publisher Archīum Ateneo
publishDate 2017
url https://archium.ateneo.edu/physics-faculty-pubs/41
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017306362
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