群体、组织、企业家：中国新移民在新加坡的融合发展模式研究 = Groups, organizations, and entrepreneurs: Integration and development model of new Chinese Immigrants in Singapore

• Main Author: 杨俊强 Yang, Junqiang
• Other Authors: Yow Cheun Hoe
• Format: Thesis-Doctor of Philosophy
• Language: Chinese
• Published: Nanyang Technological University 2023
• Subjects: Humanities::Language::Chinese
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/164898
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

本文的“新移民”指二十世纪九十年代中国新加坡建交之后移民到新加坡的群体；从群体、组织、企业家三维度着手，提出“超级社会网络”的概念框架,来理解和描述中国新移民在新加坡的融合发展模式；这三个概念代表了移民融合发展的若干阶段，社会组织是个体社会网络建立的重要途径，其所拥有的各类社会资本能够有效地通过企业家转化为个体经济发展机会，为移民形成一个良性循环的生态系统。本研究以来自四川、莆田、浙江的新加坡新移民为观察对象，发现新移民教育程度与收入高，较老移民移民更加独立自主，对同乡网络社会资本的需求大大降低。新移民参与同乡社会网络的目的亦有改变，从早期的互相帮扶转变为相互利用社会优势或兴趣、休闲。新的通讯技术和社交媒体大大便利了新移民建立群体与扩大社交网络，降低了他们对同乡会馆的依赖。然而，新老移民的核心都往往是企业家；在企业家的带领之下，通过同乡关系联合，逐步形成群体，进一步发展成为正式的组织。企业家跨越中新两地的政商关系，即超级网络，在新移民群体融合发展过程中起到巨大的作用。 Before China's reform and opening up, most Chinese immigrants to Singapore were from the bottom socio-economic class of the society, they took “survival” as their goal. After the 1980s and 1990s, with China's reform and opening-up and economic boom, the main purpose of immigrants to Singapore was for “personal development”. The majority of immigrants were Chinese local elites. The purpose of this study is to put forward the conceptual framework of “super network” based on the social network and social capital theory from the three dimensions of “group, social organizations, and entrepreneurs” to understand the development and integration mode of Chinese new immigrants in Singapore. The three concepts of “group”, “social organizations” and “entrepreneur” represent several stages of integration and development of immigrants. Individuals form groups due to their mutual needs or kinship, and groups upgrade into formal social organizations in order to better serve the groups and expand their influence. Social organization is an important way to establish individual social network, and all kinds of social capital owned by social network can be effectively transformed into individual economic development opportunities by entrepreneurs, and finally form a virtuous cycle of immigration ecosystem. New Singaporean Chinese immigrants from Sichuan, Putian and Zhejiang were selected for this research. Through a large number of case analysis, analysis of secondary literature, combined with semi-structured interview, this paper attempted to make an in-depth interpretation of the integration path and characteristics of new immigrants. It is found that, compared with the early immigrants in Singapore whose work and life were highly dependent on the network of relatives or friends, the new immigrants are less dependent on the network of relatives and friends in Singapore, especially with the development of China's economy, the improvement of people's education level, the English language skills, and the ability to find high-paying jobs in Singapore the past two decades. The purpose of new immigrants participating in the network has also changed, from helping each other to how to use and play their own advantageous resources, or for the purpose of leisure and common interests. Secondly, the emergence of new communication technology and social media greatly facilitate the new immigrants to establish groups and expand social networks, but also reduce people's dependence on their fellow townsmen. Moreover, a common feature of both old and new immigrant networks is that they tend to have entrepreneurs at their core. Under the leadership of entrepreneurs, they support each other and live together through the association of fellow townsmen. Gradually, groups were formed and further developed into formal organizations. These entrepreneurs take advantage of the social network between China and Singapore to further expand the social capital of the network. As the core of the local community, entrepreneurs have their own political and business relations across China and Singapore, namely the “super social network”, which plays a huge role in new immigrants’ development and the growth of enterprises.