GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore
This paper presents a GPS-derived slant water vapor technique for cloud monitoring in Singapore. The normalized slant wet delay ((Formula presented.)) and slant water vapor ((Formula presented.)) are introduced. The suitability of the normalized (Formula presented.) over (Formula presented.) for clo...
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sg-ntu-dr.10356-1654122023-03-28T15:39:04Z GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore Heh, Ding Yu Lee, Yee Hui Biswas, Anik Naha Koh, Liang Mong School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) Engineering::Electrical and electronic engineering Global Positioning System Slant Water Vapor This paper presents a GPS-derived slant water vapor technique for cloud monitoring in Singapore. The normalized slant wet delay ((Formula presented.)) and slant water vapor ((Formula presented.)) are introduced. The suitability of the normalized (Formula presented.) over (Formula presented.) for cloud monitoring is demonstrated, as it is not very sensitive to the satellite elevation angle. For better illustration and representation of the spatial distribution of the normalized (Formula presented.), the skyplot is discretized into different cells based on the azimuth and elevation angles to produce the spatial plot. The spatial plots are analyzed for cloud monitoring and compared alongside the sky images. The results show that the spatial plots of normalized (Formula presented.) are generally consistent with the cloud formation observed in the sky images, hence demonstrating their usefulness for cloud monitoring. The probability distribution of the normalized (Formula presented.) associated with cloudy and clear sky conditions is also analyzed, which shows that the mean values of normalized (Formula presented.) associated with the former are higher. Finally, the time series of the normalized (Formula presented.) is explored in relation to the solar irradiance. It is shown that the time series and spatial plots of normalized (Formula presented.) are also consistent with the ratio of clear sky to measured irradiance. Energy Market Authority (EMA) National Research Foundation (NRF) Published version This research is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore, and the Energy Market Authority, under its Energy Programme (EMA-EP006-SEETPRGC-001). 2023-03-27T02:53:11Z 2023-03-27T02:53:11Z 2022 Journal Article Heh, D. Y., Lee, Y. H., Biswas, A. N. & Koh, L. M. (2022). GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5459-. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215459 2072-4292 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/165412 10.3390/rs14215459 2-s2.0-85141881876 21 14 5459 en EMA-EP006-SEETPRGC-001 Remote Sensing © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). application/pdf |
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Engineering::Electrical and electronic engineering Global Positioning System Slant Water Vapor Heh, Ding Yu Lee, Yee Hui Biswas, Anik Naha Koh, Liang Mong GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
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This paper presents a GPS-derived slant water vapor technique for cloud monitoring in Singapore. The normalized slant wet delay ((Formula presented.)) and slant water vapor ((Formula presented.)) are introduced. The suitability of the normalized (Formula presented.) over (Formula presented.) for cloud monitoring is demonstrated, as it is not very sensitive to the satellite elevation angle. For better illustration and representation of the spatial distribution of the normalized (Formula presented.), the skyplot is discretized into different cells based on the azimuth and elevation angles to produce the spatial plot. The spatial plots are analyzed for cloud monitoring and compared alongside the sky images. The results show that the spatial plots of normalized (Formula presented.) are generally consistent with the cloud formation observed in the sky images, hence demonstrating their usefulness for cloud monitoring. The probability distribution of the normalized (Formula presented.) associated with cloudy and clear sky conditions is also analyzed, which shows that the mean values of normalized (Formula presented.) associated with the former are higher. Finally, the time series of the normalized (Formula presented.) is explored in relation to the solar irradiance. It is shown that the time series and spatial plots of normalized (Formula presented.) are also consistent with the ratio of clear sky to measured irradiance. |
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School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
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School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Heh, Ding Yu Lee, Yee Hui Biswas, Anik Naha Koh, Liang Mong |
format |
Article |
author |
Heh, Ding Yu Lee, Yee Hui Biswas, Anik Naha Koh, Liang Mong |
author_sort |
Heh, Ding Yu |
title |
GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
title_short |
GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
title_full |
GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
title_fullStr |
GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
title_full_unstemmed |
GPS-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in Singapore |
title_sort |
gps-derived slant water vapor for cloud monitoring in singapore |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10356/165412 |
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1761781910053322752 |