Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel

Decarburization is an unwanted carbon-loss phenomenon on the surfaces of a material when they are exposed to oxidizing environments at elevated temperatures. Decarburization of steels after heat treatment has been widely studied and reported. However, up to now, there has not been any systematic stu...

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Main Authors: Aprilia, Aprilia, Zhai, Wengang, Guo, Yibo, Aishwarya, Shandro, Robert, Zhou, Wei
Other Authors: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: 2023
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Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169731
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Institution: Nanyang Technological University
Language: English
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spelling sg-ntu-dr.10356-1697312023-08-05T16:48:16Z Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel Aprilia, Aprilia Zhai, Wengang Guo, Yibo Aishwarya Shandro, Robert Zhou, Wei School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Singapore Centre for 3D Printing Engineering::Mechanical engineering Decarburization Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Decarburization is an unwanted carbon-loss phenomenon on the surfaces of a material when they are exposed to oxidizing environments at elevated temperatures. Decarburization of steels after heat treatment has been widely studied and reported. However, up to now, there has not been any systematic study on the decarburization of additively manufactured parts. Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient additive manufacturing process for producing large engineering parts. As the parts produced by WAAM are usually large in size, the use of a vacuum environment to prevent decarburization is not always feasible. Therefore, there is a need to study the decarburization of WAAM-produced parts, especially after the heat treatment processes. This study investigated the decarburization of a WAAM-produced ER70S-6 steel using both the as-printed material and samples heat-treated at different temperatures (800 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C) for different durations (30 min, 60 min, and 90 min). Furthermore, numerical simulation was carried out using Thermo-Calc computational software to predict the carbon concentration profiles of the steel during the heat treatment processes. Decarburization was found to occur not only in the heat-treated samples but also on the surfaces of the as-printed parts (despite the use of Ar for shielding). The decarburization depth was found to increase with an increase in heat treatment temperature or duration. The part heat-treated at the lowest temperature of 800 °C for merely 30 min was observed to have a large decarburization depth of about 200 μm. For the same heating duration of 30 min, an increase in temperature of 150 °C to 950 °C increased the decarburization depth drastically by 150% to 500 μm. This study serves well to demonstrate the need for further study to control or minimize decarburization for the purpose of ensuring the quality and reliability of additively manufactured engineering components. Published version This research was funded by Cetim-Matcor Technology & Services Pte. Ltd. through grant #022185-00001. 2023-08-01T06:11:10Z 2023-08-01T06:11:10Z 2023 Journal Article Aprilia, A., Zhai, W., Guo, Y., Aishwarya, Shandro, R. & Zhou, W. (2023). Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel. Materials, 16(10), 3635-. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103635 1996-1944 https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169731 10.3390/ma16103635 37241261 2-s2.0-85160671989 10 16 3635 en #022185-00001 Materials © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). application/pdf
institution Nanyang Technological University
building NTU Library
continent Asia
country Singapore
Singapore
content_provider NTU Library
collection DR-NTU
language English
topic Engineering::Mechanical engineering
Decarburization
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
spellingShingle Engineering::Mechanical engineering
Decarburization
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Aprilia, Aprilia
Zhai, Wengang
Guo, Yibo
Aishwarya
Shandro, Robert
Zhou, Wei
Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
description Decarburization is an unwanted carbon-loss phenomenon on the surfaces of a material when they are exposed to oxidizing environments at elevated temperatures. Decarburization of steels after heat treatment has been widely studied and reported. However, up to now, there has not been any systematic study on the decarburization of additively manufactured parts. Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient additive manufacturing process for producing large engineering parts. As the parts produced by WAAM are usually large in size, the use of a vacuum environment to prevent decarburization is not always feasible. Therefore, there is a need to study the decarburization of WAAM-produced parts, especially after the heat treatment processes. This study investigated the decarburization of a WAAM-produced ER70S-6 steel using both the as-printed material and samples heat-treated at different temperatures (800 °C, 850 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C) for different durations (30 min, 60 min, and 90 min). Furthermore, numerical simulation was carried out using Thermo-Calc computational software to predict the carbon concentration profiles of the steel during the heat treatment processes. Decarburization was found to occur not only in the heat-treated samples but also on the surfaces of the as-printed parts (despite the use of Ar for shielding). The decarburization depth was found to increase with an increase in heat treatment temperature or duration. The part heat-treated at the lowest temperature of 800 °C for merely 30 min was observed to have a large decarburization depth of about 200 μm. For the same heating duration of 30 min, an increase in temperature of 150 °C to 950 °C increased the decarburization depth drastically by 150% to 500 μm. This study serves well to demonstrate the need for further study to control or minimize decarburization for the purpose of ensuring the quality and reliability of additively manufactured engineering components.
author2 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
author_facet School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Aprilia, Aprilia
Zhai, Wengang
Guo, Yibo
Aishwarya
Shandro, Robert
Zhou, Wei
format Article
author Aprilia, Aprilia
Zhai, Wengang
Guo, Yibo
Aishwarya
Shandro, Robert
Zhou, Wei
author_sort Aprilia, Aprilia
title Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
title_short Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
title_full Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
title_fullStr Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
title_full_unstemmed Decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel
title_sort decarburization of wire-arc additively manufactured er70s-6 steel
publishDate 2023
url https://hdl.handle.net/10356/169731
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