Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites with the incorporation of steel slag and DMMP: a novel strategy for utilizing metallurgical solid waste

• Main Authors: Shen, Haifeng, Jiang, Shudong, Gao, Shun, Xu, Zichen, Chen, Qiuyu, Hou, Yanbei, Zhang, Shihua, Liu, Jiayang, Liu, Xiuyu, Tang, Gang
• Other Authors: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: 2024
• Subjects: Engineering; Fullerenes; Graphene
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/180846
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

Steel slag (SS) as solid waste, has low resource utilization efficiency and seriously endangers environmental safety and human health. To explore the potential utilization value of SS and address the flammability challenge of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), with a novel flame-retardant system composed by SS and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was explored. The DMMP/SS system effectively improved the high temperature stability of the RPUF composites. When the mass ratio of SS and DMMP was 1:1, the limiting oxygen index of RPUF/DMMP/SS reached 23.1 vol% and UL-94 vertical combustion tests passed V-2 level. Upon incorporation of 15 wt% DMMP, the initial decomposition temperature (T−5 wt%) reduced to 165.3°C, a decrease of 32.2%, while the Tmax2 and residue yield at 700°C exhibited negligible alteration. The peak heat release rate of RPUF/DMMP/SS composite (118.20 W g−1) was 11.02% lower than that of pure RPUF, indicating the significant enhancement of fire safety of the composites. Results confirmed that a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism was existed between DMMP and SS in enhancing the fire safety of RPUF composite. Introducing a 20 wt% SS content reduces the ID/IG ratio to 1.85, thereby markedly enhancing its heat resistance. This work provides a new application field of SS and paves a novel approach to enhance fire safety of polymers.