以文化霸权理论为基础分析汉人对“剃发令”的态度 = An analysis of the attitude of the Hans Chinese towards queue order, based on the concept of Cultural Hegemony

• Main Author: 谢俊凯 Chia, Jun Kai
• Other Authors: Lan Shi-Chi
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2012
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/48192
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

自从汉武帝“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”后，旧式中国社会的统治阶级都以儒家文化作为一种政治与生活的规范，是旧式中国社会的“文化霸权”。 然而，当满清入关后下的“剃发令”要求所有的百姓都剃发为辫时，这就与儒家文化发生了激烈的冲突。尽管百姓强烈的反对，但是最终汉人的头上都有条辫子而这局面维持了两百九十多年之久。因此剃发为辫看似已经融入汉人的生活里，成为了满清的“霸权”的表现之一，然而在这段时间内所发生的叛乱中，许多叛乱都以剪辫作为反清的象征。如果剃发为辫已经融入进儒家文化里，剪掉辫子将被视为反儒家文化。然而，除了太平天国起义是反儒家文化外，其他的叛乱只出现反满清不反儒家文化的倾向。从这角度来看“剃发令”只是具有法律约束力，并没有成为一种霸权。 有鉴于此，为了来探讨汉人对“剃发令”是抱着怎样的一种的态度并且厘清当时满清在下达“剃发令”过程出了什么差错，致使“剃发令”无法成为“文化霸权”，笔者将使用“文化霸权”中的一些概念如“市民社会”、“运动战”和“阵地战”做为本篇论文的基调。Since Emperor Han Wu Di adopted Confucianism as the main political ideology, Confucian culture had become a form of Culture Hegemony in traditional Chinese society. Not only it had a set of rules and regulation on how the Han Chinese should dress and what type of hairstyle they should have, it also imparted moral values like loyalty to the country and filial to parents to the people. Confucian culture reached out to different aspects of their lives. When the Manchu entered China and implemented the Queue Order, requiring all Hans Chinese to shave their head and had queue, this order clashed with the Confucian culture. Although the Han Chinese refused to shave their head and have queue by putting up strong resistance, the Han Chinese succumbed to this order that lasted for a total of two hundred and ninety plus years. It seems that queue had integrated into Confucian culture, becoming a form of Hegemony. However, throughout these years, many rebellions occurred which involved the rebels cutting off their queue as a form of rebellious against the Qing dynasty. If the queue has integrated into Confucian culture becoming the norms for the Han Chinese, cutting off the queue could be seen not only as a rebel against the Qing dynasty but also rebel against the Confucian Culture. However, other than the Taiping Rebellion which was against the Confucian Culture, the rest of rebellions were against the Qing Dynasty, not the Confucian Culture. Hence, from the point of view, it seems that the Queue Order had not become a form of Culture Hegemony. As a result, to find out what is the attitude of the Han Chinese towards the Queue Order and clarified what went wrong during the implementation of the Queue Order that preventing it from becoming Cultural Hegemony, the author would apply some of the concepts in Antonia Gramsci’s “Cultural Hegemony” theory like “Civil Society”, “War of Position” and “War of Manoeuvre” in the analysis.