论阮籍诗文中的逃避主义 = Escapism in the literary works of Ruan Ji

• Main Author: 王岳明 Wang, Yueming
• Other Authors: School of Humanities and Social Sciences
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2014
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Literature::Chinese
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/55630
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

阮籍是正始时期的代表文人。钟嵘于《诗品》中谓阮籍“而《咏怀》之作，可以陶性灵，发幽思……厥旨渊放，归趣难求”。学者们对于阮籍的研究主要集中于其五言《咏怀诗》或者个别的赋作，而较少将阮籍的五言《咏怀诗》、四言《咏怀诗》以及其赋作综合论之。即便论及阮籍诗文亦缺乏以一贯之的概念。本文将通过阮籍诗文当中的意象与个案分析证明阮籍诗文当中存在逃避主义。本文的绪论中包括选题意义、阮籍诗文的研究综述以及提出本文的各章要点及创新点。第一章将先介绍欧美逃避主义的概念宾并探讨逃避与逃避主义的关系。其次，本文将通过阮籍与庄子的异同联系逃避主义与文学以及庄子的逍遥之间的关系。再者，本文也将介绍阮籍的生平并联系逃避主义与阮籍的诗文。第二章将着重探讨阮籍诗文中的意象与逃避主义。其中包括交通意象、飞翔意象以及现实的“游”与虚幻的“仙”的游仙类意象。本文认为，阮籍诗文当中的游仙主题是阮籍逃避的终极目的。此外，本文也将总结阮籍诗文中的意象与逃避主义之关系。第三章将通过个案揭示阮籍的逃避主义情结。本文首先将介绍意境的概念，而后用以分析《东平赋》、四言《咏怀诗》以及五言《咏怀诗》中的逃避意境。阮籍诗文中的自我形象与逃避主义的探讨也将进一步突显阮籍诗文当中的逃避主义。第四章将通过阮籍与陶渊明的诗文对比探讨生活在阮籍之后的陶渊明的诗文中是否也存在着逃避主义。本文首先将讨论阮籍与陶渊明的同调，即二者之间的共性。其次，本文将通过对《桃花源记并诗》的个案分析提出陶渊明这篇诗文作品中的逃避元素。最后，此章将以同调异曲的特质总结两人的文学作品中虽同样存在着逃避主义却以阮籍的逃避和陶渊明的隐逸以不同的方式呈现为结论。余论将讨论阮籍前的《楚辞》中是否也存在着逃避主义的问题，并重点提出逃避主义与中国古典文学之间的关系以及发展逃避主义研究的可能性。Ruan Ji is a representative poet and literate of the Zheng Shi era of China. Zhong Rong refers to Ruan Ji in his “Poetic Character” in the following manner, “As for his work of ‘Yong Huai’, it can cultivate one’s character and mind, allow for deep thoughts…therefore its agenda is deep and perplex, its interests are obscured and difficult to seek. Scholarly research regarding Ruan Ji has predominantly revolved around his five-worded “Yong Huai Poems” or his respective Fu-Proses. We seldom see Ruan Ji’s five-worded “Yong Huai Poems”, four-worded “Yong Huai Poems” and his Fu-Proses being considered for discussion as a whole, Ruan Ji’s literary works. Even if such attempts have been made, there still lacks a unifying concept which facilitates such discussions. This paper seeks to prove the existence of escapism in Ruan Ji’s literary works via scrutiny of imagery present in the works and case studies. The exordium includes rationale for topic choice, literature review of research on Ruan Ji’s literary works and a proposal research methodology. The first chapter will introduce the concept of escapism and discuss the relationship between escape and escapism. Thereafter, linkages between escapism, literature and Zhuangzi’s Xiao Yao will be drawn through a discussion of the similarities and differences in Ruan Ji and Zhuangzi’s respective notions of “Freedom”. Next, this thesis will introduce Ruan Ji and seek to link the concept of escapism with Ruan Ji’s literary works. The second chapter focuses on the imagery present in Ruan Ji’s literary works and their relationship with escapism. Such imageries include transport related imagery, flight related imagery, and also imagery related to wandering and immortality which includes realistic wander and imaginary immortality. This paper asserts that the thematic imagery related to wandering and immortality present in Ruan Ji’s literary works is the ultimate objective of his escape, where he seeks solace. Furthermore, this paper will also summarize the relationship between the imagery in Ruan Ji’s literary works and escapism. The third chapter will reveal Ruan Ji’s escapism-complex via case studies. The concept of “artistic conception” (Yi Jing) will first be introduced, followed by and examination of the escape related “artistic conception” of “Dong Ping Fu-Prose”, and selected four-worded “Yong Huai Poems” and five-worded “Yong Huai Poems” respectively. The discussion of imageries related to self-image in Ruan Ji’s literary works in relation to escapism further proves the presence of escapism in his literary works. The fourth chapter questions the possibility of escapism existing in the literary works of Tao Yuan Ming who was born after Ruan Ji. This will be conducted via a comparison of the literary works of both Ruan and Tao. This chapter will first discuss the similarities both possess. Next, elements of escapism existing in Tao Yuan Ming’s literary works will be proposed via a case study of his “Notes and Poem on the Peach Blossom Arcadia”. Lastly, this paper will conclude that even though escapism exists in both Ruan and Tao’s literary works, Ruan’s expression of escaping and Tao’s expression of seeking reclusion is but variable melodies of a similar tone. The last chapter questions whether Chu Ci which was written before Ruan Ji contains escapism. Subsequently, the relationship between escapism and classical Chinese literature will be proposed along with the possible avenues to develop research on escapism.