從《鬼神》論朱熹的魂魄觀與鬼神觀 = Zhu Xi's perspective on "souls" and "gods and spirits"

• Main Author: 鄭粟芯 Tay, Sok Sin
• Other Authors: Ngoi Guat Peng
• Format: Final Year Project
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2015
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Language::Chinese
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/65484
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

《朱子語類》中收錄的第三卷《鬼神》記載了南宋時期的理學大家——朱熹的豐富思想。朱熹（1130-1200），字元晦，祖籍爲徽州婺源，但在閩（今福建）的尤溪縣出生與成長。時至南宋，中國已歷經了圖騰崇拜，神鬼崇拜，百家爭鳴，天權崇拜，佛教傳入，道教和理學崛起等不同思想的沖刷，“鬼神”問題仍然是人們議論紛紛的一大話題。《鬼神》主要記錄了朱熹討論關於“魂魄”、“神”與“祭祀”的思想。除了朱熹的魂魄觀、鬼神觀與祭祀觀之外，《鬼神》也在相當大的程度上體現出朱熹的宇宙觀與儒家“天人合一”的思想。朱熹對宇宙萬物構成的觀念中，“理”、“氣”與“心”的概念對其魂魄觀、鬼神觀與祭祀觀影響較深。此文章將著重于梳理《朱子語類》中《鬼神》一卷的“理”、“氣”與“心”等概念與“魂魄”、“鬼神”和“祭祀”等概念的關聯，以進一步瞭解朱熹的魂魄觀與鬼神觀。During the Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism scholar Zhu Xi’s rich ideologies are being recorded in the book, Zhuzi Yulei. Zhu Xi (AD1130 - 1200) was born in Youxi district of Fujian, China, while his ancestors were from Wuyuan district of Huizhou. During this time, China, on the whole, has already experienced a wide variety of thought changes, from Totem worshipping, Gods and Spirits worshipping, contending of the philosophers during Hundred Schools of Thoughts period, Heaven worshipping, introduction of Buddhism from India, to the rise of Taoism and Neo-Confucianism. However, the topic of “Gods and Spirits” never seem to die down. “Guishen”, the third volume of the book, Zhuzi Yulei, documented mainly about Zhu Xi’s thoughts on “Immortal and Mortal Souls”, “Gods and Spirits” and “Sacrificial Ceremonies”. As Zhu Xi’s rich ideologies on “Principles”, “Vital force” and “Heart” influenced his thoughts on “Immortal and Mortal Souls”, “Gods and Spirits” and “Sacrificial Ceremonies” to a great extent, these three ideologies, together with the Confucianism’s highly acclaimed theory of “man being an integral part of nature”, were also highly represented in “Guishen” as a result. Aspired to understand more of Zhu Xi’s thoughts on the “Immortal and Mortal Souls” and “Gods and Spirits”, this report will focus mainly on the research of the relationships between the theories of “Principles”, “Vital force”, “Heart” and the thoughts on “Immortal and Mortal Souls”, “Gods and Spirits” and “Sacrificial Ceremonies”.