朝向一种环境伦理 ：马、新华文诗文中的生态书写（1976-2016) = Towards an environmental ethics : a study of ecology writing in Malaysia and Singapore's Chinese poetry and proses (1976-2016)

• Main Author: 张森林 Teo, Sum Lim
• Other Authors: Zhang Songjian
• Format: Theses and Dissertations
• Language: Chinese
• Published: 2018
• Subjects: DRNTU::Humanities::Language
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10356/73407
• Institution: Nanyang Technological University

本论文的写作目的，是希望透过生态批评的方式，唤起我们对自己所居住的这片土地的生态环境的关注；希望透过对生态文学的批评思考，增强我们的文学力度，有识之士继续以笔杆捍卫我们支离破碎的河山；并且介入公共领域，重新思考生态与国族、生态与人文、生态与全球化和现代化的有机联系。论文把“环境伦理”解构成四大类，即：政治伦理、人文伦理、社会伦理、科技伦理，并沿着这样的思路，把马、新华文文学中的生态书写归纳为四个领域；这四个领域的生态书 写，构成了人与自然界最终的环境伦理，也构成了本论文的论述核心，即“朝向一种环境伦理”。“生态与政治伦理”一章阐释了国族定义并对殖民历史进行回溯， 通过开发荒岛和掠夺万宝山的例子论述殖民掠夺，并通过青年胶工的被误杀和英国驻马来亚最高专员的被刺杀论述政治暴力。“生态与人文伦理”一章阐述锡矿剥削与胶林剥削中的阶级地理，进而探讨文明进程暴力对乡土与传统的冲击，并从反男权主义、反军事侵略与殖民剥削、反原生态与文化压迫的角度，思考生态女性主义 在新、马生态书写中的隐性存在。“生态与社会伦理”一章论述了热带雨林与红树林的消失、通过从全球到本土的思考和马来半岛生态旅游，审视地球被破坏的情况，并展现对绿野千里的粮仓的期待。“生态与科技伦理”一章通过工业化与生态问题的思考、疾病与死亡视角、全球气候变异景观，检讨科技带给生态的震撼和改变。论文也从国际视野探讨不同领域的生态风险，包括人兽之间的争斗与猎杀，对印尼林火烟霾的“反烟霾书写”，菲律宾垃圾山和越南空气污染的警号。论文通过新加坡生态整体主义书写，生态践行、隐喻与审美，天人合一的生态和谐等内容的探讨，描述了“返魅”的复归自然的生态理想。把人视为生物体置于其生存关系情境中来考察的历史研究视角，已成为目前全球环境史学者的一个基本理念。在工业化与全球化程度日益加剧的语境中，结合创作文本和创作背景，同时运用生物学、地理学、地质学、气象学等自然学科的知识，认识文学创作中的人与人之间、人与环境之间的相互关系，对推进生态批评的研究具有重要的拓宽意义。论文尝试以这 种新的视角，探索现代化和全球化情境下人类的生存关系。 Thesis aims to raise concern and awareness about the ecological environment of the land we live in by using the method of ecological criticism. With ecological criticism, people worldwide will continue to defend our landscape of rivers and mountains, rethink the organic connections between ecology and nationalities, ecology and humanities, and globalization and modernization. It disassembles "environmental ethics" into four categories: political ethics, humanistic ethics, social ethics and scientific ethics. Along these lines, it summarizes Malaysia and Singapore’s Chinese ecological writing into four major areas, and these four areas of ethics not only constitute the ultimate environmental ethics of man and nature, but also form the core of this thesis, that is, "towards an environmental ethics". In terms of "Ecology and Political Ethics", the thesis explains the definition of nationality and traces back to the colonial history. It discusses the colonial plunder through the building of Singapore island and the exploitation of treasury mountain, and discusses the political violence through the manslaughter of young rubber workers and the assassination of the High Commissioner of British Malaya. In terms of "Ecology and Humanistic Ethics", it elaborates the class geography of tin-mine and rubber-plantation exploitation respectively, then explores the impact of civilized violence on native land and tradition. From the perspective of antipatriarchalism, anti-military aggression and colonial exploitation, anti-primitive culture nd cultural oppression, re-think eco-feminism in Malaysia and Singapore’s Chinese ecology writing. In "Ecology and Social Ethics", it discusses the disappearance of tropical rainforests and mangroves, examines the destruction of the earth through global and indigenous thinking and eco-tourism in the Malaya Peninsula, and shows the high expectations of the granary miles. In the field of "Ecology and Scientific Ethics", it reviews the impact of science on ecology through the aspects of relationships between industrialization and ecology, disease and death perspectives, and global climate changes. It also explores ecological risks in different fields from an international perspective, including the battle between humans and beasts, the anti-haze writing on the haze of forest fires in Indonesia, the warning sign of garbage-mountains in the Philippines and the air pollution in Vietnam. The thesis views “re-enchantment” as the ecological ideal of return to nature through the ecological harmony of Singapore's ecological holism writing, ecological practice, metaphor and aesthetic, and harmony between man and nature. In the context of increasing degree of industrialization and globalization, applying knowledge of biology, geography, geology and meteorology to analysis of ecology writing is crucial. In addition, understanding of literary creation in the relationship between people and the environment is equally important to promote the study of ecological criticism. Lastly, the paper tries to explore the nature of human existence in the context of modernization and globalization with these new viewpoints.